


SCALES FOR 

MEASURING SPECIAL TYPES OF 

ENGLISH COMPOSITION 



SCHOOL EFFICIENCY MONOGRAPHS 

Jllexanbet: anb W\)tisitn 
Publicity Campaigns for Better School Support 

Education of Defectives in the Public Schools 

Rural Education and the Consolidated School 

PuttcrtDorti) 
Problems in State High School Finance 

Cobp 
Commercial Tests and How to Use Them 

€aton 
Record Forms for Vocational Schools 

Scales for Measuring Special Types of English 
Composition 

iHc^nbrcto 

The Public and Its School 

iHaijoncp 
Standards in English 

i¥leab 
An Experiment in the Fundamentals 

^earsfon 
The Reconstructed School 

3aeeb 
Newsboy Service 

i^icfjarbgon 
Making a High School Program 

^ibpman 
The Teaching of Spelling 



SCHOOL EFFICIENCY MONOGRAPHS 

SCALES FOR 

MEASURING SPECIAL TYPES OF 

ENGLISH COMPOSITION 



BY 

ERVIN EUGENE LEWIS 

SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS 

FORMERLY ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION 

STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA 



[Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the 

degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of 

Philosophy, Columbia University] 



YONKERS-ON-HUDSON, NEW YORK 

WORLD BOOK COMPANY 
1921 



WORLD BOOK COMPANY 

THE HOUSE OF APPLIED KNOWLEDGE ^ (5 

Established, 1905, by Caspar W. Hodgson ^^ ^ A 

YONKERS-ON-HUDSON, NeW YoRK VV^ \\ 



2126 Prairie Avenue, Chicago '^ aS 

K 



Publishers of the following professional 
works: School Efficiency Series, edited by 
Paul H. Hanus, complete in thirteen vol- 
umes; Educational Survey Series, seven 
volumes already issued and others project- 
ed; School Efficiency Monographs, fourteen 
numbers are now ready, others in active 
preparation 



M 13 11:22 



sem: lsmstbc-1 



Copyright, 1921, by World Book Company 

AU rights reserved 






^ 



-J 

CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Introduction 1 

II. A Scale for the Measurement of the 

Quality of Order Letters 11 

III. A Scale for the Measurement of the 

Quality of Letters of Application . . 41 

IV. A Scale for the Measurement of the 

Quality of Social Letters of the First 
Type (Narrative) Q5 

V. A Scale for the Measurement of the 
Quality of Social Letters of the Second 
Type (Problematic) 91 

VI. A Scale for the Measurement of the 

Quality of Simple Narration . . . .114 

Bibliography 141 

Index 143 



SCALES FOR 

MEASURING SPECIAL TYPES OF 

ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

CHAPTER ONE 

Introduction 

TWO types of scales have been devised for measuring 
the quahty of EngHsh compositions written by young 
people. The first type is represented by the Hillegas ^* 
and Thorndike ^ scales; the second by the scales invented 
by Trabue,^ Ballou,^ Breed and Frostic,^^ Willing,^^ and 
Hudelson,^^ and the five scales described in this monograph. 

COMPOSITION SCALES OF THE FIRST TYPE 

In making scales of the first type, no attention is given 
to the usual distinctions between different forms of written 
English, such as personal and business letters, narration, 
description, exposition, essays, etc. Rather the effort is 
made to measure composition quality regardless of the 
form. Such scales are based upon the assumption that all 
forms of written English possess, in a greater or less 
degree, composition quality. Hillegas, in describing his 
scale, says, "The effort is made to include all forms except 
poetry." ^ Thorndike, in his extension of the Hillegas 
Scale, also used mixed types of composition. A brief 
description of the two scales is suflScient to indicate their 
nature and purpose. 

(a) The Hillegas Scale 

The Hillegas Scale consists of ten compositions ranging 

from an artificial production the value of which on the 

* Reference numbers here and in following pages are to books or articles 
listed in the Bibliography on pages 141-142. 

11] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

scale is approximately zero, to the tenth composition, the 
value of which is 9.3. Three of the ten compositions are 
artificial, and "were conscious attempts by adults to write 
very poor English." ^ Five were written by high school 
pupils, and the remaining two by college freshmen. No 
two were written on the same topic, and they vary 
greatly in length and in style. The scale contains one arti- 
ficial business letter, one book review, four reproduction 
character sketches, one description, one argumentative 
theme, and two additional themes of an expository form. 

Limitations of the Hillegas Scale 

The limitations of the Hillegas Scale most frequently 
noted by students of educational measurement and 
teachers of English are: (1) Three of the ten samples are 
artificial compositions and are not typical of good school 
work. They are formal and bookish and contain no con- 
versation.^ (2) But one sample is given at each step of 
the scale. In handwriting scales it has been found desir- 
able to have more than one sample at a given step. Merit 
in English composition is more complex than merit in 
handwriting. Therefore, if more than one sample at a 
step is desirable in handwriting scales, it is much more 
desirable in composition scales of the first type. (3) Some 
of the samples are too short to afford the best evidence of 
their true quality.^ (4) The intervals between samples 
are too unequal. Trabue points out that the interval 
between the values of the first and second samples is 1.83 
units, while the interval between the second and third 
samples is only .77 of a unit, and the interval between the 
eighth and ninth samples is only .66 of a unit.'^ (5) The 
scale attempts to measure too varied a product. This 
criticism is made by Ballon,^ Trabue,^ and other critical 
students of composition scales. (6) No distinction is made 

[2] 



INTRODUCTION 

between form and content values. Ballon/*' Johnson/^ 
and Kayfetz ^^ make this criticism, and many English 
teachers agree with it. Ballon believes that the specimens 
of compositions composing a scale should be analyzed as 
to merits and defects, and that the definitions of the 
qualities of merit and defect should be attached to each 
composition in the scale. "Without such a definition of 
qualities there is no certainty that the user of the scale 
will see in each composition the same merits and defects 
that the readers saw." 

Johnson states that in estimating the value of written 
composition there are two elements, form and content, 
and suggests the desirability of two scales for the deter- 
mination of the value of these two elements. 

Hillegas realized the limitations of his scale, but thought 
that it would serve "as the basis of further effort in this 
direction," and that "it could be refined and perfected 
part by part." ^^ The Thorndike extension and the supple- 
ment by Trabue are, as the authors claim, refinements of 
the Hillegas Scale. 

(b) The Thorndike Extension of the Hillegas Scale 

The Thorndike Extension of the Hillegas Scale contains 
twenty-nine compositions representing fifteen degrees of 
merit within approximately the same range of values as 
the Hillegas Scale. Seven of the original Hillegas com- 
positions are included. The scale contains two business 
letters; six book and pamphlet reviews, five of which are 
on Paine's "Common Sense" ; and three character sketches, 
and the remaining samples cover narration, description, 
exposition, and argumentation. 

Thorndike not only extended but improved the Hillegas 
Scale in three particulars, at least: (1) He eliminated one 
of the artificial samples and added a large number of 

[3] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

samples typical of good school work; (2) he increased the 
number of samples at steps 50, 60, 70, and 80, the most 
frequently used steps in the scale; and (3) he selected 
samples of sufficient length to afford evidence of their 
true quality. In this manner Thorndike met three of the 
most common criticisms of the Hillegas Scale, but failed 
to meet the other three. The Thorndike Extension (1) 
attempts to measure an even more varied product than 
the Hillegas Scale; (2) the intervals between samples are 
but slightly reduced; (3) no distinction is attempted 
between form and content values. 

COMPOSITION SCALES OF THE SECOND TYPE 

Neither the Hillegas nor the Thorndike Extension of 
the Hillegas Scale attempts to measure special forms of 
composition such as friendly letters, business letters, etc., 
except in so far as these may be measured by comparison 
with other composition forms. 

All forms of written English possess composition quality 
and may, to a degree at least, be measured on a scale for 
general merit. The Hillegas and Thorndike scales were 
invented for this particular purpose. These two scales 
may properly be called "general merit scales." Hillegas, 
however, recognized the validity of two types of scales. ^^ 
He says: "Two methods of selecting samples from which 
a scale might be derived are possible. The first is to take 
only compositions that would be classified as narration or 
as description. The second method is to pay no attention 
to such distinctions; rather to make the effort to include 
all the various types. Either method is good." 

Teachers and investigators are not satisfied with 
"general merit" scales alone. There is a demand for scales 
that measure a particular form of written English. Driggs^^ 
expresses this demand as follows: "The multiplicity of 

[4] 



INTRODUCTION 

subjects represented in some of the scales is most discon- 
certing to those who attempt to apply the instrument. It 
is so unlike the ordinary class product as to baffle most 
teachers. Why should not the scale be made up of com- 
positions on one general subject of common interest?" 

The demand for a special scale has led to the invention 
of what may be called a second type of composition scale 
represented by the work of Trabue, Ballou, Breed and 
Frostic, Willing, and Hudelson, and the two scales for 
personal letters, the two scales for business letters, and the 
scale for simple narration described in this monograph. 

(a) Trabue' s Supplement to the Hillegas Scale 

The Trabue, or Nassau County Supplement to the 
Hillegas Scale, consists of ten samples ranging in value 
from approximately zero to 9.0, one sample at each step 
on the scale. Seven of the compositions were written by 
elementary school pupils upon the topic "What I Should 
Like to Do Next Saturday." Two of the other three are 
upon similar topics, and were selected from compositions 
previously pubHshed by Thorndike. The last sample was 
chosen from the Thorndike Extension. 

Trabue justifies his supplement by stating that, in 
measuring achievement in English composition, "there 
seemed to be a distinct need for a supplementary scale 
composed of compositions of the same general type." ^^ 
The supplement is, therefore, a scale for the measurement 
of narrative composition of one type. Trabue says 
further, "Each of the compositions tends to be of the same 
general type." 

Other distinguishing points are: (1) The supplement 
contains no artificial samples — each sample on the scale is 
as true a representation as can be made on the printed 
page of a child's written composition; (2) each composi- 

[5] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

tion is sufficiently long to give the reader an appreciation 
of its real quality; and (3) the intervals between the values 
are less unequal than are the intervals in either the Hillegas 
or Thorndike scale. On the other hand, there is but one 
sample at each value on the scale, and no attempt is made 
to distinguish between form and content. The Trabue 
Supplement meets four of the six limitations of the Hillegas 
Scale (i.e., 1, 3, 4, and 5) but fails to meet the other two 
(i.e., 2 and 6). 

(6) The Ballou or Harvard-Newton Composition Scale 

Ballou, in 1914, with the cooperation of teachers and 
principals in the public schools of Newton, Massachusetts, 
invented four separate composition scales, one for each of 
the four common forms of discourse: description, ar- 
gumentation, exposition, and narration. Each of the 
scales was composed of six compositions WTitten by pupils 
in the eight grades of the public schools of Newton. 
Twenty-five samples were carefully selected from a large 
number of samples representing the work of about 25 per 
cent of all the eighth-grade pupils of the city. The 
twenty -four judges were instructed to: 

(a) Arrange the twenty-five themes in a series in the order 
of their merit. 

(6) To the theme considered to be the best give the arbi- 
trary rating of 95 per cent, or A. 

(c) Rate each of the remaining themes with reference to 
this standard, giving each theme a percentage value. 
It should be borne in mind that these samples are 
eventually to serve as standards for eighth-grade 
themes; it is important, therefore, in rating that all 
other considerations be set aside, and that an F, for 
example, be a reasonable eighth-grade F, etc. 

Compositions are selected for a place in the scales about 
which there is the greatest agreement in judgment, both 
[6] 



INTRODUCTION 

in percentage and rank. Each of the six steps in the scale 
is lettered in order: A, B, C, D, E, and F. An attempt 
was made to have B vary from A by the same percentage 
as C varied from B, etc. Ideally, the values in the scale 
would read: 95 per cent, 85 per cent, 75 per cent, etc. 
The closest possible approximation to this was obtained. 

Accompanying each composition in the scales is a 
statement showing why it is better than the one below it 
in the scale, why it is poorer than the one above it in the 
scale, and also its own intrinsic worth. 

The Harvard-Newton Scales, like the Trabue Supple- 
ment, overcome four of the six prevailing criticisms of the 
Hillegas Scale; namely, (1), (3), (4), and (5). These scales 
also have one feature not found in scales thus far described 
in this study. The most significant merits and defects of 
each composition are stated. However, but one sample is 
given at each step in the scale, and content and form 
values are not clearly distinguished. Furthermore, many 
investigators contend that in the upper elementary grades 
and in the secondary schools the distinction between 
exposition, description, narration, and argumentation is 
not an important one.^^: ^'^ ^^[ ^^' ^^ 

(c) The Breed and Frostic Scale 

The Breed and Frostic Scale is designed to measure the 
general merit of English composition of sixth-grade pupils. 
The scale grew out of an attempt to survey the instruction 
in English in a selected sixth grade m each of ten Michigan 
cities. The first part of a story called "The Picnic" was 
read aloud to the pupils of a given room, and they were 
asked to make up the rest of the story for themselves. A 
total of 481 samples were read, and grouped into ten 
groups, and finally twenty-five samples were chosen as 
representative. These were then scored by the same 

17] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

method as that employed by Hillegas, and a final scale 
evolved, composed of nine samples, one at each step. The 
values range from 0.2 to 9.7, with unequal intervals 
between only two of the samples. 

One additional feature of the scale is worthy of note. 
The samples from which the scale is derived were type- 
written in such a manner as to reproduce as exactly as 
possible the forms of the compositions, other than hand- 
writing, such as margins, paragraphing, relative length of 
lines, and erasures, in addition to errors in spelling, capital- 
ization, and punctuation. No other scale has attempted 
to reproduce margins, erasures, and relative length of lines. ^^ 

(d) Willing' s Composition Scale 

Willing, in the school survey of District No. 1, Denver, 
Colorado, asked the children of Grades 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, and 
8A of nineteen representative buildings to write in twenty 
minutes a composition on "An Exciting Experience." He 
then devised a crude scale from these compositions, 
consisting of eight samples ranging both as to form and 
content values from very poor to very good. Arbitrary 
values were assigned each of these eight compositions as 
follows : the best (A) was given a value of 90 (85-94) ; the 
next best (B), 80 (75-84); the third best (C), 70 (65-74); 
and so on do^^m to the poorest sample (H), which was 
assigned the value of 20 (15-24). 

Obviously, a scale built in this arbitrary fashion is, 
as Willing points out, "somewhat more crude in a scientific 
or statistical sense than the Hillegas and Thorndike [and 
Trabue and Ballon] scales." ^^ 

An interesting feature of Willing's Scale is the statement 
accompanying each of the eight samples, of the number of 
mistakes in spelling, punctuation, and syntax per every 
one hundred words. The sample B-80 has 5; C-70 has 8; 

[8] 



INTRODUCTION 

D-60 has 11; E-50 has 14; F-40 has 17; G-30 has 23; 
and H-20 has 30. 

In this scale a distinct attempt is made to measure 
form values. The method Willing used is simple and 
arbitrary and yields two scores for each composition, one 
for form value and the other for what WiUing called 
"story value." An average of these two values must be 
made in order to get a single score. Unlike the Harvard- 
Newton Scales, the Willing Scale has no statement covering 
quality of merit and defect. The arbitrary method of ar- 
ranging samples is unscientific, and this fact makes the scale 
of little worth aside from the above-mentioned features. 

(e) Hudelson's English Composition Scale 

The Hudelson Scale is composed of seventeen composi- 
tions written by first-year high school pupils of Virginia 
during the State Educational Survey, May, 1919. Approxi- 
mately one thousand compositions were scored on the 
Nassau County Supplement by a competent scorer. Then 
one hundred of these scored compositions were selected and 
finally scored by ninety-six composition teachers trained in 
using a scale. The Hillegas method was used in determin- 
ing the scale value of each composition. Hudelson gives 
as his reason for the prepara;tion of the scale the following : 

"Efforts at acquainting English teachers with the judi- 
cial use of existing measuring devices forces the conclusion 
that a scale is needed for the rank and file of teachers of 
composition in which the steps are uniform throughout." 
The values on Hudelson's Scale range as follows: 2, 2.5, 3, 
3.5, 4, 4.5, etc., to 9.5. 

(/) The Five New Scales Described in This Study 

The preceding analysis of composition scales may be 
summarized as follows : Thus far efforts have been limited 

[91 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

to the making of (a) general-merit scales; (6) special- 
merit scales for the measurement of the four traditional 
forms of written English; and (c) scales for a particular 
school grade. No attempt has been made to create scales 
for the measurement of social and business correspondence. 

A superficial survey shows that social and business 
correspondence constitutes practically the entire written 
expression of the average elementary and high school 
graduate. The teaching of letter writing constitutes a 
large part of the work in written expression in the elemen- 
tary school and receives some attention in the high school. 
While it is possible to measure, in a degree, the quality of 
letters by the scales now in use, such scales are not entirely 
satisfactory. There should be some easier and more 
accurate means by which teacher, supervisor, and sur- 
veyor may measure attainment and progress of pupils in 
letter writing. 

With this in mind, the writer has attempted to create 
five new scales, each for the measurement of a particular 
form of written English. Two are business-letter scales, 
one composed of simple order letters and the other com- 
posed of letters of application. Order letters and letters 
of application represent very common, if not the most 
common, forms of business letters ^Titten by elementary 
and high school graduates. Two of the scales are com- 
posed of friendly letters, one representing simple social 
letters such as one writes to friends and relatives narrating 
everyday events, and the other representing social letters 
written to develop an idea or explain a project or topic. 
The fifth scale is composed of narrative compositions, all 
written on the topic "One of My Most Interesting Expe- 
riences" and under typical school-survey conditions. It is 
chiefly for the use of supervisors and surveyors. Each of 
the five scales is described in a subsequent chapter. 

[10] 



CHAPTER TWO 

A Scale for the Measurement of the Quality of 
Order Letters 

PURPOSE 

NEARLY every one needs to write an occasional 
letter ordering a bill of goods. Pupils in elementary 
and high schools are taught how to write such letters in 
anticipation of their needs later in life. A scale showing 
very poor to very good examples of order letters affords 
the teacher an objective means for determining to what 
extent the pupils of a given class, grade, school, or school 
system have learned these forms. It may also be used as 
a teaching device. A pupil may be taught to compare 
his letter with the letters on a scale, and thus determine 
by comparison and analysis the merits and defects of his 
product. 

Books on business English agree that the order letter 
has little or no literary value. It is almost wholly a 
matter of form. The most essential features are: 

Heading. Address of sender: street, city, and state. 
Date: day, month, and year. 

Introductory address. Name, street, city, and state. 

Salutation. Suitable, no abbreviations except "Mr." and 
"Mrs." 

Body of letter. Brevity, accuracy, clearness, courtesy; 
orderliness of presentation; itemized list stating quan- 
tities, size, or numbers; if from catalogue, date or 
number of catalogue; exact sum stated, how money is 
sent; how goods are to be sent. 

Complimentary close. 

Signature. 

[Ill 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

General form. Paragraphing, spelling, punctuation, sen- 
tence structure, etc. 

METHOD OF SELECTING SAMPLES FOR THE SCALE 

To be of the greatest value to the teacher and the 
supervisor, it was felt that the scale should be made fi:om 
letters written under normal schoolroom conditions. 
Therefore, catalogues, pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, 
and other advertising matter, covering a wide range of 
articles such as groceries, books, furniture, clothing, tools, 
garden seeds, and flowers, were handed to pupils with the 
request that they examine the advertisements carefully, 
select a bill of goods, and write an appropriate letter 
ordering them. Pupils were allowed as much time as they 
needed in which to write the letters. Usually this did not 
exceed twenty minutes. No previous preparation was 
given. Letters were written by eight hundred pupils in 
Grades 5 to 12 in five school systems. Three hundred 
were pupils in commercial courses. Two hundred addi- 
tional samples were secured from commercial houses and 
business colleges and from books on business English. 

Two examiners, thoroughly familiar with the qualities 
of order letters, read each of the thousand letters and 
classified them into ten groups ranging in quality from 
very good to very poor. Fifty were then selected from 
the ten groups, and finally thirty-three, which the exam- 
iners agreed were representative of the entire group. 
These were typewritten to eliminate the factors of hand- 
writing, erasures, margins, spacings, and length of lines. 
Mimeographed copies w^ere then made for distribution to 
the judges. All the errors in punctuation, spelling, capital- 
ization, and syntax in the original letters were retained in 
the copies. For convenience in tabulating, a code number 
was assigned to each letter. 

[12] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 
METHOD OF SELECTING AND TRAINING THE JUDGES 

A group of from ten to twenty experienced teachers 
and supervisors were given copies of the Nassau Supple- 
ment to the Hillegas Scale. This was carefully explained 
to them together with the meaning of a unit of value. 
They were then instructed to rate ten compositions, the 
value of which had previously been determined by Thorn- 
dike.^^ Their ratings were compared with the standard 
ratings of the samples. Those who after ten such tests 
varied on the average more than .5 of a unit on ten samples 
were eliminated. Results were obtained from eighty-six 
teachers; of this number twenty-three were excluded 
because of their failure to qualify. Thus persons who 
were familiar with and fairly accurate in the use of a 
composition scale were selected as final judges. Of the 
sixty-three judges, forty-six were teachers and seventeen 
principals and supervisors. 

DIRECTIONS TO THE JUDGES 

On account of the formal character of order letters, 
it was decided to make the directions to the sixty -three 
final judges very specific. The instructions were: 

1. Read each of the thirty-three order letters carefully, 
keeping in mind the essential elements of such letters : 
Heading, address of sender, street, city, state, date of 
letter (day, month, year); Introductory address, 
name, street, city, state; Salutation, suitable, no 
abbreviations except "Mr." and "Mrs."; Body of 
letter, brevity, accuracy and clearness, courtesy, 
orderliness of presentation, itemized list stating 
quantities, sizes, — if from catalogue, date or number 
of catalogue and number of article, — exact sum 
stated, how money is sent (check, draft, etc.), how 
goods are to be sent (express, parcel post; if by 
freight, name the railroad); Complimentary close; 

fl3l 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 



3. 



Signature; General form, paragraphing, spelling, 
punctuation, sentence structure, etc. 

Rank the thirty-three letters in their order of general 
merit, placing the code number of the letter you con- 
sider best opposite number 1 on the score sheet, and 
so on through to the poorest, which should receive 
the rank of number 33. Do not give any two letters 
the same rank. Use the score sheet below for your 
final statement. (The code number is the number 
which you find on the lower left-hand corner of each 
letter.) 

Score each of the thirty-three letters on the Nassau 
County Supplement to the Hillegas Scale. Write 
the Hillegas values opposite the code numbers on the 
score sheet below. 



CODE NUMBER 
OF LETTER 


VALUE ON NASSAU 

COUNTY SUPPLEMENT 

TO THE HILLEGAS 

SCALE 


CODE NUMBER 
OF LETTER 


VALUE ON NASSAU 

COUNTY SUPPLEMENT 

TO THE HILLEGAS 

SCALE 


1 . 




17 




2 




18 




3 




19 




4 




20 




5 




21 




6 




22 




7 




23 




8. . . 




24 




9 




25 




10 




26 




11. . . 




27 




12 




28 




13 




29 




14. . . 




30 




15 




31 




16 




32 








33. . . 











Name. . 
Position . 
Address. 



[14 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 



NUMBER OF JUDGES 



The natural simplicity of order letters makes for great 
uniformity in the ranks assigned by the various judges. 
Table 1 (pages 16-17) shows the rank assigned by each of 
the sixty-three judges to each of the thirty- three order 
letters. The correlation between the ranks assigned by 
judge No. 1 and those assigned by judge No. 2 is .84; 
between the ranks assigned by judge No. 10 and those 
assigned by judge No. 20 is .90. Similar high correlations 
exist between the rankings of other judges. The average 
of the ranks assigned by the first twenty judges was 
correlated with the average of the ranks assigned by the 
second twenty judges. The correlation is .99. 

Brown ^^ gives a formula which furnishes a ready means 
of determining from the reliability coejBficient of a single 
judge the number of judges which it would be necessary 
to have in order to get a result of any desired degree of 
reliability. The formula reads: 

nri 
rn 



1 + (n - 1) n 

If .84 is taken as the reliability coefficient of judge No. 1, 
the reliability coefficient for 63 judges may be computed 
as follows: 

63 X .84 52.92 



1 + (63 - 1) .84 53.08 



= .996 + 



This would indicate that sixty-three judges are suf- 
ficient to give a very high degree of reliability to the 
results. 

EXPLANATION OF STATISTICAL TERMS 

In order to make a scale, it is first necessary to establish 
a unit of value. Composition quality is very complex. 

[151 






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17 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

It is the result of an unknown number of factors, each of 
unknown weight. Until these factors are enumerated 
and weighted, one must depend upon the usual method of 
personal judgments. One should, however, make sure 
that the personal ratings represent well-trained and 
competent judgment. The method of obtaining com- 
petent opinion is described in the previous section. 

According to the theory of probability, when a large 
number of competent persons are asked to judge a com- 
position a few will rate it low, a few high, and the remain- 
der will place it about halfway between the two ex- 
tremes. The more competent the judges, the larger 
will be the agreement and the smaller the variability. It 
may be assumed that judgments concerning the quality 
of a composition will be distributed symmetrically above 
and below its true value, — that just as many will over- 
estimate as underestimate its value, and that large errors 
in either direction will balance each other and be much 
less frequent than small errors. This symmetrical surface 
is known as the normal surface of frequency. ^^ 

A line perpendicular to the midpoint of the base divides 
a normal surface of frequency into two equal and sym- 
metrical parts. To the right and left of this hne exactly 50 
per cent of the surface lies. For this reason the line is 
called the median. 

The statistical name for the difference between the 
median point of a distribution and the point on the base 
which has 25 per cent of the distribution on one side and 
75 per cent on the other is the median deviation (M.D. or 
P.E.). This distance represents a deviation from the 
median of such size that half of the deviations are larger 
and half are smaller. 



(18 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 
THE METHOD OF RIGHT AND WRONG CASES 

The method of right and wrong cases, used by Hillegas, 
was also used in making this scale. The theory of this 
method may be briefly described as follows: Differences 
that are equally often noticed are equal, unless the dif- 
ferences are either always or never noticed. This theory 
has been elaborated by FuUerton and Cattell.^^ When 
applied to the measurement of English composition, it 
means that if half of a given number of judges consider 
composition A better than composition 5, and half con- 
sider B better than A, the two compositions may be con- 
sidered equal in value. If all the judges consider A better 
than B, there is no unit by which to compare the quality 
of the two. If, on the other hand, exactly 75 per cent of 
the judges consider A better than B and exactly 25 per 
cent consider B better than A, then it can conveniently 
be said that A is one unit better than B. A unit is, there- 
fore, 1 P.E., or such a difference as exactly 75 per cent 
of the judges notice. This means that the median values 
of the two compositions, A and B, are separated on a 
common scale by a distance equal to the probable error. 
The term P.E. (probable error) is the median error, or, 
as it is also called, the median deviation (M.D.). 

TABULATION OF RESULTS 

The rank assigned by each judge to each of the samples 
is given in Table 1. The numbers across the top of the 
table are the code numbers of the order letters, and the 
numbers down the left-hand side represent the judges. 
The table should be read thus : judge No. 1 ranked order 
letter No. 47 first, etc. 

Table 2 gives the number of times a given letter was 
considered to be "better" than each of the other order 
letters. No. 53, for example, was considered to be "better" 

fl9l 





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22 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

than No. 59 by three of the sixty-three judges. In Table 3 
the items in Table 2 are reduced to the per cent of the 
total number of judges. Table 4 gives the difference 
between the various samples in terms of the P.E. values 
multipHed by 100. The values are multiplied by 100 in 
order to avoid decimals in the computation. The P.E. 
values are taken from Table 2 in the study by Hillegas,^^ 
where there will also be found an explanation of these 
values. By means of the P.E. values it is possible to 
determine how far, in terms of P.E., each letter is from 
any given letter. Thus, letter No. 53 is 2.47 P.E. from 
letter No. 69. Table 5 gives the values assigned on the 
Hillegas Scale by each of forty judges. The relation of 
each letter to letter No. 53, the poorest, and the average 
and equivalent values on the Hillegas Scale, are shown in 
Table 6. 

In Table 6 the thirty-three order letters are arranged 
in their order of value from the poorest. No. 53, to the 
best, No. 47. Column (1) states the relation of each letter 
to the letter next higher in value. Thus, the poorest letter. 
No. 53, is related to the next higher in value. No. 59; 
No. 59 is then related to the next higher. No. 57, etc. 
Column (2) shows the relationship of each letter to the 
next higher in terms of percentages of judges. Thus, 4.81 
per cent of the judges thought that letter No. 59 was better 
than letter No. 53; 34.9 per cent of the judges thought 
that letter No. 57 was better than letter No. 59, etc. 
Column (3) gives the amount, in terms of P.E., that each 
letter varies from each letter higher in value. Thus, 
letter No. 53 is 2.47 P.E. from letter No. 59. Letter No. 
59 is .57 P.E. from letter No. 57, etc. Column (4) shows 
the amount in terms of P.E. that each letter varies from 
letter 53, the poorest of the group. Thus letter 47, the 
best, is 14.92 P.E. from letter 53, the poorest, etc. 



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«5 «5o6cO t> 


o<©©<©© 

t-: i>: t-' CD CO 


s< ©©s* © 

t-: od «>: i^: i>" 


© © © © © 

t-' CD CO «0 CO 


®< q o< © o« 

CO »0 J> "O i> 


o< «i©S» © 
CO* l>: CO t-' 8> 


»c»oo<©»© 

l> !>!>«> CD 


q q ©* s< ®« 

1> CD t>' t-' 1> 


s«s*«>©>c 
!>' i> od «d od 


00 «5©0< © 
©■ "C M5 t-^ «C 


©< »o q »» a* 

}>■* COJ>l> 


-* q "o © 00 
i>' ©' »d >d ©' 


«C«C<N©© 
>> l> t> 00 00 


© CO q '^j; a< 

GO t-' CD i> 00 


q q oq s» oq 
od od od J> od 


©_ OO © © 9< 
00 CO OO CD J> 


©©a<©© 

00 00 i>' «5 i« 


oo q q s< © 
00 od j> od od 


00 9< oJ_ oq © 

'ij! l> l> GO CD 


00 00© <S<CJ* 
CD ■*' ©■ l>^ l> 


qqqq q 

OS J>' b-' CO l> 


oi>©o< © 

!>: ^ CO t~' CD 


«5q©©q 

CO 00 CO CO CO 


OS od x CO t-^ 


00©< ©© (N 


qoqq®»q 
oo -^cd j>o6 


i-< q i> s» i> 
i> ©' od i> od 


»o © © © © 

00 oc5 oi oo" oo' 


q «o o< q q 
od 00 t-' od ©' 


q q s< «5 io 
OS ©' £>-■ od od 


^J:5SS^ 




vOCnXOsO 



25 



TABLE 6 

The Differences, in Terms of D/M.D., between Each Order 
Letter and Letter No. 53; and the Average and Equivalent 

Values on the Hillegas Scale 



(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


relation 


PERCENTAGE 


amount 


amount 


average 


EQUIVALENT 


OF 


"better" 


"poorer" 


"better" 


VALUE ON 


VALUE ON 






IN terms 


IN terms 


HILLEGAS 


HILLEGAS 






OF P.E. 


OF P.E. 
THAN 
NO. 53 


SCALE 


SCALE 










53 is 




53 






53 is 


1.19 


1.53 


53 to 59 


4.8 


2.47 


59 2.47 


3.30 


2.67 


59 57 


34.9 


.57 


57 3.04 


2.52 


2.93 


57 52 


31.7 


.71 


52 3.75 


2.31 


3.26 


52 48 


49.1 


.04 


48 3.79 


4.32 


3.28 


48 42 


39.7 


.39 


42 4.18 


4.02 


3.46 


42 58 


38.1 


.45 


58 4.63 


3.50 


3.55 


58 44 


42.8 


.27 


44 4.90 


3.09 


3.79 


44 43 


41.3 


.33 


43 5.23 


3.52 


3.94 


43 35 


41.3 


.33 


35 5.56 


4.75 


4.09 


35 51 


47.6 


.09 


51 5.65 


4.61 


4.13 


51 39 


47.6 


.09 


39 5.74 


4.39 


4.37 


39 56 


34.9 


.57 


56 6.31 


4.88 


4.44 


56 45 


28.6 


.84 


45 7.15 


4.27 


4.82 


45 36 


47.6 


.09 


36 7.24 


5.40 


4.86 


36 46 


17.4 


1.39 


46 8.63 


5.31 


5.50 


46 27 


30.1 


.78 


27 9.41 


5.82 


5.86 


27 50 


42.8 


.27 


50 9.68 


6.09 


5.99 


50 55 


46.0 


.15 


55 9.83 


6.41 


6.05 


55 68 


42.8 


.27 


68 10.10 


6.15 


6.18 


68 81 


42.8 


.27 


81 10.37 


6.87 


6.30 


81 54 


38.1 


.45 


54 10.82 


7.10 


6.51 


54 29 


47.6 


.09 


29 10.91 


6.32 


6.55 


29 73 


38.1 


.45 


73 11.36 


6.32 


6.76 


73 66 


34.9 


.57 


66 11.93 


6.87 


7.02 


66 32 


41.3 


.33 


32 12.26 


7.16 


7.17 


32 62 


46.0 


.15 


62 12.41 


7.27 


7.24 


62 24 


44.4 


.21 


24 12.63 


7.10 


7.34 


24 49 


47.6 


.19 


49 12.72 


6.82 


7.38 


49 61 


38.1 


.45 


61 13.17 


7.16 


7.59 


61 38 


28.6 


.84 


38 14.01 


7.85 


7.98 


38 60 


42.8 


.27 


60 14.28 


8.19 


8.10 


60 47 


33.3 


.64 


47 14.92 


8.04 


8.40 



Av. =8.45 Av.=5.42 
S.D.=3.90 S.D.=1.79 

1 P.E. (Lewis) =.46 P.E. (Hillegas) 



26 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

DETERMINING EQUIVALENT VALUES ON THE 
HILLEGAS SCALE 

It has been shown that letter No. 53, the poorest of the 
group, is 2.47 P.E. distance from letter No. 59, the next 
higher in value. But the exact value of letter No. 53, 
with reference to a zero point, is not known, and must be 
determined before it can be used as a starting point in the 
scale. This was done by having forty competent judges 
score each of the thirty-three order letters on the Hillegas 
Scale (Table 5). The average of the forty judgments for 
each of the thirty-three letters is given in column (5). 
Thus, letter No. 53 was given an average value of 1.19 on 
the Hillegas Scale; letter No. 59 received a value of 
3.30, etc. 

The average of the items in column (4) is 8.45, and the 
standard deviation 3.90. The average of the items in 
column (5) is 5.42, and the standard deviation 1.79. 

It is apparent that 1 P.E. in column (4) is not exactly 
equivalent to 1 P.E. in column (5). By dividing the 
standard deviation for column (4) into the standard 
deviation for column (5) we find that 1 P.E. in column (4) 
is equivalent to .46 P.E. in column (5). The standard 
deviation for all the items in each column is more repre- 
sentative than the deviation of a single item in each 
column. 

For convenience we may call the items in column (4) 
Lewis' items, and the items in column (5) Hillegas' items. 
In other words, 1 P.E. on the Lewis Scale is the equivalent 
of .46 P.E. on the Hillegas Scale. 

By interpolating the Lewis values into Hillegas values 
it is possible to determine the distance each order letter is 
from the Hillegas zero point. This was done in the follow- 
ing manner: Letter No. 46 is valued at 8.63 in column (4). 
This is .18 from the average value (8.45) for that column. 

[27] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

The Hillegas equivalent for .18 is obtained by multiplying 
.18 by .46, which gives a result of .0828. By adding this to 
the average for column (5), which is 5.42, the value on the 
Hillegas Scale is found to be 5.50. This result is found in 
column (6) . The other items in column (6) were similarly 
computed. 

SELECTING SAMPLES FOR THE FINAL SCALE 

The thirty-three samples arranged in their order of 
value from very poor to very good constitute a scale for 
the measurement of general merit of order letters.^ The 
poorest letter. No. 53, has an equivalent value of 1.53 in 
terms of Hillegas units. Two are valued between 2.0 and 
2.93; six between 3.0 and 3.94; six between 4.0 and 4.86; 
three between 5.0 and 5.99; six between 6.0 and 6.76; 
seven between 7.0 and 7.98; and two above 8.0. A scale 
with seven nearly equal steps may be made by selecting 
from the thirty-three samples, samples valued as follows : 

SAMPLE VALUED INTERVAL 
NUMBER AT OF 

53 1.53 

57 2.93 1.40 

43 3.94 1.01 

36 4.86 92 

27 5.86 1.00 

73 6.76 90 

61 7.59 83 

47 8.40 91 

If a scale containing a larger number of samples is 
desired, it may be derived by making a shorter interval 
between steps. For example, the interval of .5 to .7 P.E. 
may be used in place of the approximate interval of 1.00 
P.E. as is used in the above scale. Since smaller differ- 
ences in merit are noticed in order letters than in general 
compositions, a scale of samples differing by approximately 
one half of a unit would seem desirable. The scale as 
1 See Publishers' Note on page 140. 

[28] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

printed contains fourteen samples at thirteen different 
steps. The letters used, the intervals between them, and 
the value of each are as follows : 

SAMPLE VALUED INTERVAL SCALE 

NUMBER AT OF VALUE 

53 1.53 15 

59 2.68 1.15 27 

52 3.26 58 33 

44 3.79 53 38 

39 4.37 58 44 

36 4.86 49 49 

46 5.50 64 55 

50 5.99 49 60 

55 6.05 06 60 

29 , .6.55 50 66 

66 7.02 47 70 

61 7.59 57 76 

38 7.98 39 80 

47 8.40 42 84 

THE THIRTY-THREE ORDER LETTERS ARRANGED IN 
ORDER OF VALUE 

Following are the thirty -three order letters arranged in 
their order of value from the poorest to the best. The eight 
samples marked x are the ones that the writer in the 
previous paragraph suggested for a scale of seven nearly 
equal steps. The fourteen samples marked y are the ones 
used in the scale as printed. 

1.53 

Apr 17 Boston, Mas 
y. Dear Sir 

I wTote to ask you that you no I want want leggings or boots and 
y bicicles. yes sir quickly. 

Evan Kimpson 
[53] 

2.67 

April 19, 1918. 
Hillcrest Ave. 
Rear Vendome & Co, 
y Would you please send to Hillcrest Ave., N. Y a pink screen with 
pictures of birds on it and also a white kimmona with pink roses on it. 

per Constance Rowell. 
[59] 

[29] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

2.93 

34 Cedar PI. 
April 19, 1918 
Iveli Bros. 

Please send me two pakages of radisk seeds, two pakages of lettuce 
X seeds, a basket of pansys, two qts. of apples, and a pakage of corn 
seeds and rubarb seeds 

Yom"s Truly 

William Sims 
[571 

3.26 

20 Highland Avenue 
Des Moines, Iowa 
April 19, 1918. 
Boy Scouts of America, 
200 Fifth Avenue 
New York City 
y Dear Sir, 

Pleas send C. O. D. to the abouve address the foling things a coat, 
hat, wast, trousers, beggings, and belt. 

Yours truly 

Clifford A. Chase. 
[52] 

3.28 

174 Linden Street 

London Book Company 
New York 

New York 
Inclose please sued me one copy of the "Skinners' Merry Tales." and 
one of "America First" 

Yours truly 

Marotta Reed 
[48] 

3.46 

16 Morris Street 
Springfield, Mass 
Boone & Co. 
New York City, 
New York. 
Gentlemen : 

Will you kindly send me a baseball mask, a baseball suit and a bat 
and a ball. And kindly send them as soon possible. 

Yours truly 

Leonard Sears 
[42] 

[301 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

3.66 

29 Hamilton Ave 
Tanawanda N. Y. 
April 19, 1918 
Dear Butler Brothers, 

I have the cataloge you sent me. I did not get it till yesterday. I 
would like you to send me a second class sewing mation. The one 
from the factory was too high a price for me. This one is $250. I 
saw in the cataloge a tent outfit that folded or up. I would like you 
to send me one by express. Send it C. O. D. 

Yours truly 

Edith Smith 
[58] 



3.79 

59 Hamilton Avenue 

Atlantic City, N. J. 
April 19, 1918 
Boy Scouts of America 
200 Fifth Avenue 
New York City 
y Gentlemen: 

Please send me the flowing: 8 tents, i uniform, 1 tellegraph outfit, 
8 pocket size First aide outfits and 2 dozen of Binacqulors. Charge 
same to my account. 

Yours triJy, 

Fred Forbes 
[44] 



3.94 

125 Alta Avenue 

Ceres, Calif 

April 19, 1918. 
R. Keith & Co. 
Market Street 

San Francisco, Cal. 
X Gentlemen; 

Inclosed find check for flowing articles, one red (1) jersy size eleven 
(11) One pair of sneakers size (s) three. One pair of golf stockings to 
above address. 

Yom-s truly, 

Kenneth O'Brien 
[43] 

[31) 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

4.09 

10 Lanark Road 

Lead, S. D. 
April 19, 1918. 
Sunset Book Company. 
Dear Sirs: 

I have looked at your advertisment for books and wish you to send 
to. Miss Madeleine Hiers 

10 Lanark Rd. 
Park Hill 
Dexter, New York 
the book entitled Baldwin's Fifty Famous Rides and Riders. Please 
send four as soon as possible. 

Yours truly 
(Miss) Madeleine Speare 
[35] 



4.13 

36 Highland Avenue 
Albany, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Hudson Book Compny 

New York City 
Dear sir. 

Having heard about your books, I would like to read a few. Could 
you please send me these book.? They are: Skinner's Tales and Plays 
of Robin Hood, Wilson's Indian Hero Tales, and. Skinner's Merry 
Tales. 

I will send you the money in due time. 

Yours truly 

Edith E. Conrad. 
[51] 



4.37 

15 Fairfield Place 

Butte, Mont. 
April 19, 1918 
The Providence Co. 
Chicago, Illinois. 
Dear Sirs: 

In your catalogue I saw a search light, a body of a car, and a wire 
wheel. Enclosed find a check for fifty-five dollars ($55) for which 
please send me these things as soon as possible. 

Yours truly 

Arthur Dennis 
[39] 



(82] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

4.44 

307 South Broadway 
Oakland, Cal 
April 19—1918 
Sunset Book Company 

New York City 
Dear Sirs, 

I have found a very interesting out-line of two of your books. The 
Title is Baldwin's Fifty Famous Rides and Riders, And the other is, 
McBrien's America First. I will enclose a check with the cost of the 
books. 

Yours Truly 
John Raith 
[56] 

4.82 

16 Culver Street 
Albany, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Hudson Book Company. 
New York City, New York. 
Dear Sirs, 

An pamplet of your books you have for sale has been sent to me. 
On looking through it I saw two or three looks I would like to order 
from you. 

Please send me a copy of Skinner's Merry Tales, which you adver- 
tised at forty-eight cents a piece. Also two copies of Carpenter's 
Around the World with the Children at sixty cents a copy. 
Please send the books as soon as possible. 
I remain. 

Yours truly, 

Emma E. Avery. 
[45] 

4.86 

46 Sunnyside Dr. 
Atlas, New York 
April, 19, 1918 
Rainbow Book Company 

New York City, New York 
^ Dear Sirs, 

Please send to Miss Constance Rouillion the books of Wilson's 
y Hero Tales, Skinner's Tales and Plays of Robin Hood, and Stanley's 
Animal Fold Tales. 

Please send them C. O. D. I should like to have them here by 
Monday. 

Yours turely 

Constance Rouillion 
[36] 

[331 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

5.50 

126 E. Lafayette St., 

Richmond, Va., 
February 19, 1917. 
Albert Coast, 

Don't know street 
New York, N. Y. 
y Dear Sir: — Please send to the above address the following: 

Senior-Quarterback — Barbour 

Four Afloat — Barbour 

Clansman — Dixon 

Inclosed is 1.50 in P. O. money order. 
Yours truly 
Donald White 
[46] 



5.86 

344 Riverdale Avenue 
Columbus, Ohio 
B. Benson & Company 
43 Madison Avenue 
Los Angeles, Cal. 
Gentlemen: 

Inclosed please find twelve dollars ($12) for which please send me 
three yards of blue serge to match the enclosed sample at three dollars 
per yard ($3); one book at one dollar ($1) called "Over the Top" and 
one blue tie to match serge at two dollars ($2). 

Yours truly 

Grace Donovan 
[27] 



5.99 

Keokuk, Iowa. 

Apr. 19. 1918. 
Central Book Co. Inc. 

New York City. 
Gentlemen : 

Enclosed please find a money order for two dollars and twenty-four 

y cents $2.24 for which please send me Dorrance's The Story of the 

Forest, Wilson's Indian Hero Tales, Baldwins Fifty Famous Rides 

and Riders, and McBrien's America First at fifty-six cents ($.56), 

sixty cents $(.60) sixty $(.60) and sixty-four cents $(.64) respectively 

Yours truly 
Fred Long. 
[50] 



[34] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

6.05 

37 Cliff Avenue 
Oakland, Cal 
April 19, 1918. 
The Atlas Company 

Boston, Massachusetts. 

2/ Dear Sirs: 

Please send me the Century magazine for three years. Enclosed is 
a money-order for same. 

Yours truly 

Roger T. Finland 
\55] 



6.18 

102 Elliott Avenue 
Evanston, 111 
April 19. 1918. 
A. Truman & Co. 

34th St. and 10 Avenue 
Chicago, 111. 
Gentleman, 

Inclosed please find a money order for ten dollar ($10), for which 
please send to the above address two (2) yards of each of the inclosed 
samples. 

Yours truly 
Eric Mendall 



6.30 

154 Willow Street 
Willows, New York 

April 19, 1918. 
The New Book Company 
New York City 

New York 
Dear Sirs: 

Inclosed please find post-office money order for three dollars an 
twelve cents ($3.12) for six books of "Abbott's Adventures of a Country 
Boy." 

Yours truly 

(Miss) Anna Nero 
[81] 

[35] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

6.51 

221 Herman St., 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Feb. 13, 1917. 
Sunset Book Co. 
Chicago, 111., 
Gentlemen: 

Please send by C. O. D. the following to the above address. 
1 copy of "In the Wilderness" by C. D. Warner $.50 

1 copy of "The Lady of the Lake" by Scott $.60 

1 copy of "Treasure Island" by Stevenson $.60 



[54] Miss Lillian Stone 



$1.70 

6.55 



131 State St., 
Des Moines, la., 
Jan. 12, 1917. 
John Salamander, 

New York, New York. 
Dear Sir: 

Please send C. O. D. to the above address the following: 
y 1 Woman Haters by Jo Lincoln— $1.50 

1 Lady of the Lake by Walter Scot— 1.25 

1 Old Rose and Silver by Reed— 1.25 



Oblige; 

(Miss) Dorothy Jennings 
[29] 



$4.00 



6.76 



114 State Street, 

Camden, N. J. 
January 22, 1917. 
John Smith Co. 
Asto Place, 
New York City 
Dear Sir: 

Please send to the above address the following, 
1 copy "Boy Allies With the Tenor of the Seas at $.40 $.40 

1 copy "Boy Allies In the Baltic at $.40 $.40 

1 copy "Boy Allies With the Battleships at $.40 $.40 

Enclosed find check for $1.20 in payment of above 
Yous truly 

George Doeinus 
[73] 

[36] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

7.02 

198 Berry St., 
Cleveland, Ohio., 
January 22, 1917. 
John Wanamaker & Co., 
New York City, N. Y. 
Dear Sirs: 
y Please send to the above address the three following books for which 
you will find enclosed a check for five dollars ($5) ; 
One copy of Woodcraft by Seton at $0.75 
One copy Webster's Home Dictionary at $3.25 
One copy of Campcraft by Powell at $1.00 

And oblige 
Alfred Bennet 
[66] 

7.17 

342 Nepperhan Avenue 
Carthage, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Marshall, Matheson & Co. 

Oswego, New York 
Gentlemen : 

Please send me as soon as possible by parcel post the following 
articles : 
1 pr. white kid gloves #6^ $2.00 

1 white linen tablecloth 72x84 3.50 

2 prs black silk stockings size 9" .50 1.00 
Enclosed please find check for six dollars and seventy five cents to 

cover cost of articles and parcel post. 

Yours respectfully 
Fannie Mosgin 
[32] 

7.24 

158 Corporal St., Hartford, Conn. 
Oct. 25, 1904. 
Ditson, Spalding, & Co. 

21 Bow St., Philadelphia 
Gentlemen : 

Please send by Adams Express the following articles : 

1 doz. Keep well tennis balls $4.00 

1 Kramer racket, 16 oz 4.00 

1 Kramer racket, 14 oz 4.00 

1 tennis net, "Quality A" 1.60 

1 marker 75 

You will find enclosed my check for the proper amount. 
Yours truly, 

WUliam H. Burbank 
[62J 

[37] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

7.34 

77 Yonkers Ave. 
Riverdale, N. Y 
April 19, 1918 
Mr. R. J. Arbiter 
44 Prospect St. 
Ames, N. Y. 
Dear Sir: 

Will you send me by American Express, charges prepaid, before 
Tuesday, April 30, 1918, the following items: 

16 doz. Eberhardt Faber, #2, Shorthand 

pencils, both ends sharpened, at $.40 — $6.40 

14 doz. Stenographer's Pads at $.48 doz $6.72 

7 doz. Waterman's Fountain Pen Ink, 
Blue-black Small size bottle 

at $.70 a doz $4.90 

Am'tofBill $18.00 

Kindly send the Waterman's Ink under separate package, and 
charge this order to my account. 

Yours respectfully 

The Riverdale Stationery Co. 
(per) Charles Wanderman. 
[24] 



7.38 

24 Chestnut Street, 

Yonkers, New York 

April 19, 1918 
The Goldburg Furniture Company 
Dunkirk, New York 
Gentlemen: 

I have your letter of 14th. inst., to hand, quoting the terms on the 
articles I inquired about, and I hereby submit my orde for the follow- 
ing: 

1 Mahogony Bookcase at $22 

1 Mahogony Rocking chair at 12 $54 

1 Mahogany Library Table at 20 

The bookcase mentioned above is to contain five shelves, and have 
separate compartments for magazines and newspapers. I should 
prefer glass doors set into carved-wood designs, but if you cannot 
supply this I shall accept the plain doors. 

Enclosed you will find my check for fifty-four dollars ($54) to cover 
the amount of my order. Please send the order by your special 
delivery. 

Yours truly, 

H. Fitspatrick 
[49] 



38] 



MEASUREMENT OF ORDER LETTERS 

7.59 

50 South St 
Rennsey Road, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Adams Shoe Company 
419 South Ohve Street 
Lynn, Mass. 
^ Gentlemen: 

Kindly send to me by freight the following articles, which were 
y chosen from your "1918 Spring, Catalogue": 

2 pairs Ladies' shoes, size 5A, in dark brown, No. 49 at $7.50 
1 pair Men's shoes, size 8E, in black, No. 458 at $8.50 

Enclosed, find cheque for the amount of order. 
Yours truly 

(Miss) Flora Kilpatrick 
[61] 



7.98 

2 Morris Place 
Watertown, N. Y. 

Apr. 19, 1918 
The Goldberg Furniture Co. 

Spokane, Wash. 
Gentlemen: 

I have received your answer to my letter of inquiry with descriptive 
y catalogue enclosed, from which I have selected the following: 

1 Morris Chair No 632 $24.50 $24.50 

2 Willow Porch Chairs 246. 3.50 7.00 
1 Willow Rocker 247 4.75 4.75 

Enclosed you will find check for Thirty-six dollars and twenty-five 
cents in full payment of the bill. 

Please send the articles, express prepaid, to the address given above. 

Yours truly 

Lillian McCarthy 
[38] 



[39 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 









8.10 








697 Nepperhan Avenue 








Buffalo, New York 








April 19, 1918 


Ludwig Manbaum 








Cor. 9th Ave. & 35th St. 






New Orleans, La. 








Gentlemen : 








Please send the following order to the above address. 


6 Oak Dming Chairs no. 


246 at $5.00 


$30.00 


1 " " Table no. 


248 ' 


" 50.00 


50.00 


1 " Serving Table no. 


250 


" 25.00 


25.00 



$105.00 
I enclose my check for One Hundred five dollars ($105.00) on the 
Westchester Trust Company to cover cost of order. 

The goods are to be sent by express, the charges to be prepaid by 
you. 

Very truly yours 
(Miss) Irene Smith 
[60] 



8.40 

104 South Maple St., 
Sioux Falls, S. D. 
March 2, 1916. 
The'A. L. Burnham Co. 
Amesbury, Iowa. 

Dear Sirs: 

Please send by American Express the following articles, listed in year 
catalogue No. 31, for which I inclose a post-office money order for $5.30: 
Roots and Bulbs 



Y2 doz. Digitalis Purpurea 


at $1.50 per doz. 


$.75 


^ Yi doz. Shasta Daisy 

3^ doz. Gaillardia Grandiflora 


at $1.50 per doz. 


.75 


at $1.50 per doz. 


.75 


2/1 doz. Hardy Phlox-mixed colors at $1.50 per doz. 


1.50 


y^ doz. Tuberoses 


at .50 per doz. 


.25 


Seeds 






Asters-HohenzoUern 


2389 


10 


Asters- Carlson 


2349 


10 


Asters-Improved Victoria 


2193 


25 


Mignonette 


3303 


05 


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Very truly yours, 

(Miss) Virgmia Hall. 
[47] 

[401 



CHAPTER THREE 

A Scale for the Measurement of the Quality of 
Letters of Application 

introduction 

THE letter of application is another common form of 
business letter which practically every young person 
should know how to compose in good style. Its composi- 
tion quality is more complex than that of the order letter. 
While the form of the letter may vary slightly according 
to the writer and the kind of position sought, certain 
qualities are generally common to such letters. The 
writer must be extremely careful to be honest and yet to 
reveal the attractive qualities of his personality. The 
letter of application is essentially a sales letter. The 
reader's attention must be secured, his interest aroused, 
his confidence established, his desire stimulated, and his 
conviction begun. The writer should ordinarily state his 
training, experience, present occupation, reasons for being 
interested in a new situation, references, and possibly the 
terms he is willing to consider. These statements should 
be made briefly, courteously, modestly, and in good form. 
Punctuation, spelling, capitalization, etc., are all factors 
of importance, and are carefully scrutinized by the reader 
in his attempt to form a judgment of the writer. 

method of selecting samples for the scale 

Letters of application are perhaps most commonly 
written in answer to advertisements appearing in news- 
papers. At least, this forms an attractive device for 
motivating the writing of such letters. Furthermore, 
the device is easily utilized by teacher, supervisor, and 
surveyor in measuring the attainment of pupils. There- 

[411 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

fore, cards containing advertisements clipped from "Help 
Wanted" columns of newspapers and periodicals were 
distributed to over one thousand pupils in Grades 5 to 12 of 
six school systems, with the request that they read the ad- 
vertisements carefully, select one describing a position which 
they might desire to accept, and write an appropriate 
letter of application. Following are samples of the cards: 



HELP WANTED — MALE 


HELP WANTED— FEMALE 


BOY, by New York Stock Ex- 
change house; one just out of 
school preferred; good chance for 
advancement for bright young man; 
state reUgion. V 328 Times, 
New Orleans. 


YOUNG WOMAN to take charge 
of an employees' lunchroom for 
girls; must have high school edu- 
cation and domestic science train- 
ing; salary $12 at start. 0296 
Times Downtown. 


BOY. For long-established im- 
port and export house of W. H. 
& F. Jordan, Jr. Inc. good chance 
for advancement; $10-12 a week. 
124 Water St., New York City. 

BOYS for filing and to otherwise 
assist in supply department of 
insiu-ance company. "Ocean," 88 
Fulton St., St. Paul. 


GIRLS WANTED. Large whole- 
sale concern requires girls of intel- 
ligence to do both clerical and 
stock work; good position for in- 
dustrious workers; references re- 
quired. Pelgram & Meyer, 395 
4th Ave., Des Moines, Iowa. 

YOUNG WOMAN, afternoon, for 
work with children in settlement 
house. Apply 1 P. M., 329 East 
62d St. 



The pupils were to assume that they were qualified for 
one of the positions. Two hundred additional letters 
were secured from college students and commercial houses 
and from books on letter writing and business English. 
Applications were made for approximately one hundred 
different kinds of work. Samples were secured ranging 
in general merit from very poor to very good, but it is not 
claimed that samples better or worse could not be found. 

Pupils were allowed twenty to thirty minutes in which to 
write the letters. No special preparation was given. 
The idea was to test their ability and to secure samples 
representative of a wide range of attainment. 

[42] 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 
SCORING THE SAMPLES 

Two competent persons read all the letters and sorted 
them into ten groups according to their general merit. 
These were then re-read and twenty-seven letters selected 
as representative of the entire group. The selected samples 
were mimeographed, with the errors in spelling, punctua- 
tion, capitalization, etc., retained. The instructions to the 
judges were as follows: 

1. Read each of the twenty-seven letters carefully, keeping 

in mind the qualities that constitute general merit 
in letters of this type. 

2. Rank the twenty-seven letters in their order of general 

merit, giving the best letter rank No. 1, the next 
best rank No. 2, and so on through to the poorest, 
which should receive rank No. 27. 

3. Score each of the twenty-seven letters on the Nassau 

County Supplement to the Hillegas Scale. 

NUMBER OF JUDGES AND THEIR TRAINING 

Judges were selected as described in the preceding 
chapter. A total of eighty-one persons were asked to rank 
and score the samples. Of this number twenty-one had 
failed to reduce their variability to .5 or less in the pre- 
liminary training on the Thorndike samples mentioned on 
page 13, and it was decided to exclude their scores from 
the final tabulation. The ranks assigned by the remaining 
sixty judges are given in Table 7. 

Sixty judges, thus carefully selected, were sufficient to 
give a high degree of reliability to the results. The corre- 
lation between the ranks assigned by judges Nos. 1 and 21 
is .48. The correlation between the average of the ranks 
assigned by the first ten judges, with the average of the 
ranks assigned by the second ten, is .81. Using Brown's 
formula, as was done in the first chapter, it is found that 
fifty-three judges are sufficient to give a reliability coeffi- 

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45 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

cient of .98. In this calculation it is assumed that .48 is a 
reliability coefficient for one judge. Using .81 as the 
reliability coefficient for ten judges, the reliability coeffi- 
cient for sixty judges is .962. This indicates that sixty 
judges are sufficient to give a high degree of reliability to 
the findings. 

EXPLANATION OF TABLES 

Table 7 shows the ranks assigned by each of the sixty 
judges to each of the twenty-seven letters. Table 8 gives 
the number of times a given letter was considered better 
than each of the other letters. Tables 9 and 10 are derived 
from Table 8 and show the per cent and the P.E. values 
respectively. Table 11 gives the values on the Hillegas 
Scale assigned by each of the sixty judges. 

By means of the table of P.E. values, it is possible to 
determine how far, in terms of P.E., each letter is from 
any given letter. The relation of each letter to letter No. 
59, the poorest, and the average and equivalent values 
of each letter on the Hillegas Scale, are shown in Table 12. 

EQUIVALENT VALUES ON THE HILLEGAS SCALE 

Table 10 shows that sample 59, the poorest in the group 
of 27, is .85 P.E. distance from sample 71. But the value 
of 59 is not exactly determined. If we assume that sample 
59 is zero in value, it is possible to arrange, as is done in 
Table 12, the remaining samples with respect to their 
distance from 59. Column (4) in Table 12 gives such an 
arrangement. This column shows that sample 58, the 
best in the group of 27, is 9.42 P.E. distance from sample 
59, the poorest. But we do not know that sample 59 is 
zero in value. Its value may be determined by having a 
sufficient number of judges score it on the Hillegas Scale. 
This was done, not only for sample 59, but for the other 
samples as well. The sixty judges who ranked the letters 

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51 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

TABLE 12 

The Differences, in Terms of D/M.D., between Each Letter of 
Application and Letter No. 59; and the Average and Equiv- 
alent Values on the Hillegas Scale 



(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


relation 


percentage 


amount 


AMOUNT 


AVERAGE 


EQUIVALENT 


of 


"better" 


"poorer" 


BETTER 


VALUE ON 


VALUE ON 






in terms 


THAN 


HILLEGAS 


HILLEGAS 






OF P.E. 


NO. 59 

IN TERMS 
OF P.E. 


SCALE 


SCALE 










59 is 




59 






59 is 


2.81 


59 is 2.98 


59 to 71 


28.3 


.85 


71 .85 


3.47 


3.47 


71 57 


41.7 


.31 


57 1.16 


3.58 


3.65 


57 52 


50.0 


.00 


52 1.16 


3.84 


3.65 


52 80 


43.3 


.25 


80 1.41 


3.81 


3.79 


80 69 


41.7 


.31 


69 1.72 


4.33 


3.97 


69 73 


40.0 


.38 


73 2.10 


4.33 


4.19 


73 61 


50.0 


.00 


61 2.10 


3.98 


4.19 


61 86 


21.7 


1.16 


86 3.26 


4.40 


4.87 


86 96 


48.3 


.06 


96 3.32 


4.53 


4.90 


96 55 


41.7 


.31 


55 3.63 


5.56 


5.08 


55 87 


28.3 


.85 


87 4.48 


5.64 


5.57 


87 95 


48.3 


.06 


95 4.54 


5.89 


5.61 


95 56 


31.7 


.71 


56 5.25 


6.14 


6.02 


56 88 


45.0 


.19 


88 5.44 


5.76 


6.13 


88 65 


36.7 


.50 


65 5.94 


6.73 


6.42 


65 50 


48.3 


.06 


50 6.00 


6.53 


6.46 


50 97 


48.3 


.06 


97 6.06 


6.31 


6.49 


97 98 


41.7 


.31 


98 6.37 


6.69 


6.67 


98 89 


43.3 


.25 


89 6.62 


6.72 


6.81 


89 99 


48.3 


.06 


99 6.68 


6.72 


6.85 


99 72 


43.3 


.25 


72 6.93 


7.22 


6.99 


72 60 


28.3 


.85 


60 7.78 


7.56 


7.49 


60 51 


41.7 


.31 


51 8.09 


7.70 


7.67 


51 94 


40.0 


.38 


94 8.47 


7.96 


7.89 


94 85 


40.0 


.38 


85 8.85 


8.07 


8.11 


85 58 


35.0 


.57 


58 9.42 


8.25 


8.44 



Av. = 4.73 Av.=5.72 

S.D. =2.701 S.D. = 1.57 

1 P.E. (Lewis) =.581 P.E. (Hillegas) 



52 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

were also asked to score them on the Nassau County 
Supplement to the Hillegas Scale (Table 11). The average 
of the sixty scores on each sample is given in column (5), 
Table 12. By this means the average value of sample 
59 is found to be 2.81 on the Hillegas Scale. 

The standard deviation may be obtained by dividing 
the items in column (4), Table 12, into the standard 
deviation of the items in column (5), and applying the 
result in the following way. The standard deviation for 
column (4) is 2.70; for column (5), 1.57. A standard 
deviation of 1.00 for column (4) corresponds to a deviation 
of .581 for column (5). In other words, 1.00 P.E. on the 
Lewis Scale is the equivalent of .581 P.E. on the Hillegas 
Scale. Now composition 88 is valued at 5.44 on the Lewis 
Scale. This differs by .71 from the average value of the 
twenty-seven letters. The Hillegas equivalent is obtained 
by multiplying .71 by .581, which gives a result of .41. 
By adding .41 to the average for column (5), the equivalent 
value on the Hillegas Scale is found to be 6.13 as given 
in column (6). In the same way the equivalent value of 
each of the other samples may be determined. These 
values are also found in column (6). 

SELECTING SAMPLES FOR THE SCALE 

The twenty-seven samples arranged in their order of 
value from very poor to very good constitute a scale for 
the measurement of the general merit of letters of applica- 
tion. ^ The poorest, No. 59, has a value of 2.98. Five are 
valued between 3.00 and 3.99; four between 4.00 and 4.99; 
three between 5.00 and 5.99; nine between 6.00 and 6.99; 
three between 7.00 and 7.99; and two above 8.00. A 
scale with seven nearly equal steps may be made by 
selecting, from the twenty-seven samples, samples arranged 
at intervals of approximately 1.00 P.E. 

1 See Publishers' Note on page 140. [ 53 ] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

SAMPLE HILLEGAS LENGTH OF SCALE 

NUMBER VALUE INTERVAL VALUE 

59 2.98 30 

69 3.97 99 40 

96 4.90 93 49 

56 6.02 1.12 60 

99 6.85 83 69 

94 7.89 1.04 79 

58 8.44 55 84 

If a scale with a larger number of samples is desired, 
.50 P.E. may be used as the approximate interval between 
samples. The following is an example: 

SAMPLE HILLEGAS LENGTH OF SCALE 

NUMBER VALUE INTERVAL VALUE 

59 2.98 30 

71 3.47 49 35 

69 3.97 50 40 

86 4.87 90 49 

87 5.57 70 56 

88 6.13 56 61 

98 6.67 56 67 

72 6.99 32 70 

60 7.49 50 75 

94 7.89 40 79 

58 8.44 55 84 

By this means a scale is formed containing eleven 
samples with ten intervals of value. The length of the 
intervals is shown in the second column at the right. 

THE TWENTY-SEVEN LETTERS ARRANGED IN THEIR 
ORDER OF VALUE 

Following are the twenty-seven letters of application 
arranged in their order of merit. The letters marked x 
are those suggested for a scale of seven nearly equal steps. 
The letters marked y are suggested for a scale of eleven 
steps. 



54] 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

2.98 
36 Main Street, 
Yonkers, Florida, 
May 2, 1918. 
J. Dear Sir, 

Since I have saw the job I learned in my schooldays, I would like to 
y take it. I will report Wednesday to this building My name is 
Ernest Holze. 

Yours truly, 
Ernest Holze 
[59] 

3.47 

67 Clinton Street 
Carthage, New York 

May 2, 1918 
Dear Sir, 

I am a girl of 16 years and would like to work in your office. TMien 
y shall I come to work in the office. I am a girl who knows how to work 
in an office. I want to know my salary before I begin to work in your 
office Sir. I must have everything I need in the office because when 
I need it I must have it. This is all I can write to you about my posi- 
tion. 

Yours truly, 
Mary Fabachar 
[71] 

3.65 

35 Hawthorn Avenue 

Yonkers New York 
May 2, 1918 
I have found that you have put an ad in the paper that you are looking 
for a good man that can copies in good English. I went through school 
and high school and I think I am fit for it. 

I was working in Yonkers about for three years in one place all the 
time if you want referance you can inquire at Mr. Diske I use to be his 
bookkeeper. Will you write me a letter and tell me how much is the 
salary? I am twenty-one years old. What are the hours.'' 

Yom-s truly 

Milton Smith 
[57] 

3.65 

12 Jefferson Street 

Oberlin, Ohio 
May 1, 1918 
Dear Cambell, 

I am satisfied for the pay you are going to give and I will come next 
week to take the job. I have a good education and am a smart boy 

Yours truly, 

John Sivick 

m 

[55] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

3.79 

34 St. Mary's Street 
Brownville, New York 

May 2, 1918 
Dear Sir, 

I have seen the advertisement in the paper and I am willing to have 
this job. I went all over looking for a piece of work. I went through 
the Public High School of Yonkers. 

I will be at your office Monday morning and have this comfortable 
job. I thank you for your advertisement. 

Yours truly, 

John Motko 
[80] 

3.97 

186 Passaic St. 
St. Louis, Mo. 
April 30, 1918. 
J. B. Schoenfeld. 
X 25 Madison Ave. 

City, 
y Dear Sir. 

I have read (for) your advertisement in the paper and would like 
to apply for the situation. 

Yours truly, 
Marian Smith. 
[69] 

4.19 

82 North Broadway 
Ithica, New York. 

May 2, 1918 
Dear Sir, 

Read your letter of help wanted. Thought I could do your work so 
I will wTite and tell you that I am ready to do your work anytime you 
let me know when you want me and tell me where to come. I have a 
dandy bicycle. Just the right kind to do your work. 

Yours truly 

Herbert Denton 
[73] 

4.19 

A. P. O. Box 302 

Madison Square 
May 2, 1918 
Dear Sir, 

I wish to secure the position which you have advirtised in the paper. 
I have worked this kind at Gimbel. If you can give me this kind of 
work it will suit me. 

Yours truly, 

Harry Adlerblum 
1611 

[56] 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

4.87 
184 Buena Vista Avenue 

Fairport, N. J. 
May 2, 1918 
Dear Mr. Overhage, 

I would like to have this job as I have been experienced in this work. 
y I have been an errand boy in a butchershop and in two other stores. 
One store that I worked in was a large concern in New York. I have 
worked in a printing place before and I know a quite deal of printing. 
I have forgot to tell you that I worked in a Postal Teleagraph Office 
as a messenger. Please write me if you want me to see you. 

Yours truly, 
Arnold Kopper. 



4.90 

Albany, N. Y. 

May 1, 1918 
To-New York Stock Exchange House; 
K 325 Times Downtown. 

Hearing of a vacant position, I would like to receive it. I have 
X graduated the Albany High School in Albany, N. Y. I didn't have any 
experience in this work but I will try my best to perform it. 

In case you are in doubt of anything, please apply to Mr. A. D. 
Arnold, principal of the High School. 

Yours truly 

Andrew McLaughlin 
[96] 



5.08 

Manning, N. J. 
May 10, 1913 
Lord & Main, 
279 Bdwy. 

New York City 
Sirs: 

I beg permission to announce my candidacy for the fulfillment of 
your needs advertised in the press. 

I am a high school boy, and feel that I can serve you in a clerical 
capacity commensurate to your highest expectations. 

Yours truly, 
W. P. True 
57 Edge St. 

[57] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

5.57 

5 Clinton Street 
Nashville, Tenn. 
May 2, 1918 
New York Telephone Co. 
R251 Times, Downtown 
Gentlemen: 
y I have read your advertisement in the New York American. I 
would like to apply for that position as I am experienced in domestic 
science. 

My age is eighteen years. I have already worked in Brown and 
Co.'s lunchroom. If references are required, they can easily be obtained. 
Please notify me if you are willing to accept me. 

Yours truly 
Rose Lipschitz 
[87] 

5.61 

26 Washington Street 
Smith ville. Wash. 

May 2, 1918 
Gentlemen: 

Having read your advertisement in the paper for a brainy and com- 
petent stenographer, that will develop into secretaryship if ability 
warrants, I wish to apply for the position. 

I have worked for Pitt & Son for three years and later worked for 
Larkin & Brown for two years. I received eighteen dollars and on 
account of not receiving a higher salary, I left and think that this 
position is a suitable one. 

Yours truly 

Josephine Schwartz. 
[95] 

6.02 

166 Sherman St. 
Passaic N. J. 
Apr. 30, 1917 
Dear Sirs, 

In answer to your advertisement which I saw in the Passaic Daily 
Herald today, I am writing to you in hope that I am qualified enough 
rjf. to meet the requirements. I spent four years in the Passaic High 
School. 

I am nineteen years old and have seen two years of business with, 
J. C. Clark and Co. from whom I received a word of recommendation. 
I am a Protestant and attend the First Presbyterian Church. Hoping 
I will meet the requirements Yours truly 

Albert Johnson 
[56] 

[58] 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

6.13 

67 Grove St; 
St. Levege, Ohio. 
April, 30, 1918. 
Dear Sir: 

I am applying for a position as stenographer in your concern. I 

am a graduate of Drake's Business College. Am accurate and have 

y large knowledge of stenography. Am well recommeded by former 

^ emphoyers. I am twenty-five years old and expect on an average of 

sixty dollars per month. Have had five years experience. 

Respectfully yours, 

Alice C. Parker 
[88] 



6.42 

Chicago, 111. 
May 9, 1913. 
My dear Captain Edgar — 

Knowing you to be an old friend of father's, I take the liberty of 
writing and asking you if you have a vacancy on your boat which I 
could fill. I have not had a great deal of experience in this line, but 
believe I could fill the position of purser creditably. 

I am anxious to do something this summer, and as I have friends in 
Duluth, I am sure the position would be a pleasant one. 

Hoping you will consider my request, I am very respectfully yours, 

Fyles Lang. 
4629— Sheridan Road. 
[651 



6.46 

11 Sherman St. 
Portland, Me. 
Apr. 30, 1918 
Dear Sir: — 

In reply to your advertisement in yesterdays paper I would like 
to apply for the position as typist if it is not already filled. My type- 
writing is accurate and I can make 100 words a minute. I am twenty 
years of age and have had three years of experience. The salary I 
expect to get is $20. Hoping to hear from you soon, I remain 

Yours truly 

Miss R. Runnell 
[50] 

[59] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

6.49 

218 Monroe, St., 
Passaic, N. J. 
Apr 29/18 
V.399 Times 

Gentlemen : — 
Seeing your advertisement in the Globe I wish to apply for the 
position you offer. 

I can speak French and Spanish and also some Italian. 
Have had experience in another firm in buying goods in the American 
Market and also have had experience in other markets of the world. 

Have several excellent recomimendations that I can send you for 
inspection and if you care you could write to the Principal of Passaic 
High School of which I am a graduate. 
Hoping to hear from you soon. I remain 

Yours respectfully 
Louis Rubin 
[97] 

6.67 

56 Prospect Street 
Springdale, Nevada. 

May 2, 1918 
New York Leather Belting Co. 
South 11 St. Kent Ave. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Dear Sirs: 

I read of your advertisement in the New York paper and I would 
y like to be given a chance at this position. 

^ I am twenty-one years old and have experience in the kind of work 
that you require. I have graduated from School No. 10, Yonkers and 
have gone four years to the Yonkers High School. I have been em- 
ployed in the Overland Company in Yonkers, but due to the company 
leaving the city I was forced to give up the position. If references are 
required they may be secured at the above company on 57th St, New 
York and from Mr. Baker of the Yonkers High School. 

Yours respectfully 
Otilda Smith 



6.81 

245 Riverdale Ave. 
Youngstown, Ohio. 

May 2, 1918. 
P. 132 Times 
Dear Sirs: 

I have read your advertisement in the New York Times, and would 
like to apply for the position as salesman. 

[60] 



y 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

I am twenty-three years of age, and I am a high school graduate. 
I have been a salesman in the West, having experience with Mr. 
Holmes, a well known ribbon buyer. 

In regard to my ability, you may refer to Mr. Holmes of San Fran- 
cisco. 

Yours respectfully 
Samuel Mermer. 
[89] 



6.85 

36 Main St. 
Paterson, N. Y. 

May 2, 1918 
Mr. Kellerson 

70 Washington St. 
Brooklyn 
Dear Sir — 

Upon reading your advertisement in the New York Times' I think 
I can satisfy you of you will give me the opportunity to try 

I am eighteen years of age and have worked after school hours in 
ofl5ce of J. J. Holmes & Co. as office assistant. Mr. Holmes has given 
me permission to refer you to him. If you will allow me to call I can 
give you proof of my quickness and accuracy in figures. 
Hoping for a favorable reply, I am 

Yours truly 

Gustave Holze. 



6.99 

264 Capron Street 

January 4 
Mrs. J. C. Simpson 

239 May Street 
Dear Madam: 

I learn through your advertisement in to-night's Times that you 
desire a young girl to read to you and to write letters from dictation. 
Please consider me an applicant. 

I am sixteen, a high school senior. I am not a trained reader; that 
is, I cannot read with elocutionary effect. Nor can I claim to be 
unusually good in composition. It seems to me, however, that I 
should be able to read ordinary prose distinctly, and write with reason- 
able accuracy. By permission I refer you to Principal Wilbur F. 
Howells, who may be addressed at the high school. 

I shall be pleased to call at your home whenever it may be con- 
venient to you. 

Very truly yours, 

Adele M. Peberdy 
[72] 

[61] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

7.49 

X 239 October 4, 1916 

Bulletin 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Gentlemen: 

I am a stenographer of two years' experience, and am looking for a 
position because my present employer, an attorney, is retiring. You 
will find inclosed a letter of recommendation from him. 
y I am a graduate of the Commercial High School, can write 125 
words a minute, and read my notes easily. I am willing to go out of 
the city. 



May I hope for an interview? 



Very truly yours, 
Miriam C. Norton 



Miss Miriam C. Norton 
1318 North Twelfth Street 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
[60] 

7.64 

82 Vine St., 
Hazleton, Pa., July 19, 1917. 
The Pennsylvania Quarry Co., 

Hazleton, Pa. 
Gentlemen: 

I have learned from Mr. Henry Sachs that you are looking for a 
bookkeeper who has had some general experience. I desire to apply 
for that position. 

I am twenty-four years of age, a graduate of the local high school 
and of McCann's Business College of Reading. For the past three 
years I have been in the employ of Jere Wooding & Sons. I am 
inclosing a letter of recommendation from their manager. 

If you care to give me an interview during this or next week, I shall 
be pleased to call any afternoon after four o'clock. 

Yours very respectfully, 

Frederick Howell 
[51] 

7.89 

680 East 13th St., 
Salt Lake City, Utah. 

August 1, 1917. 
P 19, Herald-Republican, 

Salt Lake City, Utah. 
Dear Sir: 

In reply to your advertisement in yesterday's paper for a boy over 
sixteen years old, who can use a typewriter, I should like to submit 
^ my application. 

I am eighteen years of age, and have just completed a course in 
y typewriting at Henager's Business College. During the afternoons for 

[62] 



MEASUREMENT OF LETTERS OF APPLICATION 

the past two months, I have been doing special work in typewriting 
for several printing houses. 

Should you wish references, you may write to Mr. J. J. Brown, 
principal of the Business College, or The F. W. Gardiner Printing Co. 
At present I am at liberty in the morning and, if you care to consider 
my application and give me a personal interview, I shall be pleased to 
call upon you at any time you may suggest. 

Respectfully yours, 
Paul Kennedy 
[94] 

8.11 

1042 E. Thirde St. 
Mishawaka, Ind., 

May 9, 1913. 
Mr. E. C. Brown, 

1223 N. Michigan St., 
South Bend, Ind. 
Dear Sir: 

Miss Smith, who is in your employ, informed me that you had a 
vacancy in your newspaper office. I wish to make an application for 
the position. 

I am nineteen years of age, and have completed a four years' com- 
mercial course in the Mishawaka High School, besides a term in the 
South Bend Business College, but have had no experience. 

For particulars regarding my character and other points you may 
wish to know, by permission, I refer you to Mr. B. Sanders, Cashier 
of the Q. B. Long & Co. Hardware Store; Mr. B. O. Miles, Commer- 
cial Teacher in the Mishawaka High School, and Rev. A. O. Orland, 
Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church — all of this city. Testi- 
monials will be furnished if desired. I might also mention that my 
father is Mr. E. B. Dele van. 

We will leave the salary question open until you have had an oppor- 
tunity to see what I can do. If you wish a personal interview, I shall 
be glad to call at your most convenient time. 

Yours truly, 
Eloise Delevan 
[85] 

8.44 

1221 Clay Street, 

San Francisco, California, 

March 26, 1918. 
Messrs. White, Harwood & Calkins, 
1349 Market Street, 

San Francisco, California. 
Gentlemen: 

My friend John C. Henry employed by you in you draughting de- 
partment has told me of a new position in your shops caused by the 
installation of a Hartwell and Marsh No. 9 machine. I wish to apply 
for the position. 

[631 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

While I was working in Lebanon, 111., in 1915-18, in the employ of 
J. William Henry Granger and Son, I ran a Hartwell and Marsh No. 8 
nachine almost exclusively and so became thoroughly familiar with 
y the older model, which, I understand, is not very different from the 
new No. 9. My four years' training in the Cleveland (Ohio) Technical 
High School, where I completed in June, 1915, the prescribed general 
scientific course with the supplemental half-time work in the Hopkins 
Manufacturing W^orks of Cleveland, has given me practical experience, 
in running and repairing many machines similar to those manufactured 
by the Hartwell and Marsh Company. 

I am inclosing recommendations from Mr. William Henry Granger, 
whose employ I left because of our family's moving here, and from 
Mr. Frank R. Carpenter, under whom I did most of my machine shop 
work in the Cleveland Technical High School. 

Very respectfully yours, 

Edward D. Wilson. 
[58] 



64] 



CHAPTER FOUR 

A Scale for the Measurement of the Quality of 
Social Letters of the First Type (Narrative) 

nature of social letters 

SOCIAL or friendly letters are informal in style, chatty 
in tone, spontaneous in nature, and express the individ- 
uality of the writer. As Webster says,^^ the social letter 
is in reality "a conversation committed to paper. . . . 
If your letter is so interesting and so well constructed 
that the recipient finds a delight in its contents and a 
desire to answer it immediately, you may feel reasonably 
certain that it is a good piece of work." 

TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

There are two types of social letters, which may be 
described as (1) narrative and (2) project or problematic. 
The narrative type is by far the more common. It is 
usually written to a near friend or relative, and consists, 
for the most part, of recent events and experiences narrated 
in an intimate and personal manner. The problematic 
letter, as the name suggests, develops an idea or explains a 
topic or project, and may be argumentative, expository, 
narrative, descriptive, or mixed in form. For convenience 
in this study the narrative letters are called social letters 
of the first type, and the problematic letters, social letters 
of the second type. 

SECURING LETTERS OF THE FIRST TYPE 

Samples of social letters typical of school work were 
secured from 1255 pupils, in Grades 3 to 12 inclusive, in 
seven school systems. Pupils were asked to write letters 
according to the following instructions: "Write a letter to 

[651 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

a friend or relative telling him what you are doing or think- 
ing about. The letter may be real or imaginary. Tell in 
your letter exactly what you would tell in a private talk." 
The letters were written as a class exercise, and the 
assignment was made and discussed one day in advance. 
Plenty of time for the writing was given, an average of 
about thirty minutes, but no corrections were made by 
the teacher. 

SELECTING THE SAMPLES 

The letters were collected and read by two competent 
judges, and sorted into ten piles representing roughly ten 
degrees of merit. From each of the ten piles, five repre- 
sentative samples were selected and typewritten. Finally, 
twenty-eight samples ranging in merit from very poor to 
very good were selected. Samples 49 and 32 were taken 
from Briggs' ^^ book on letter writing. This was done to 
enrich the final group of thirty samples. The thirty 
samples were then mimeographed as explained in previous 
scales, and distributed to eighty judges with directions 
for ranking and scoring. Judges were selected as described 
in Chapters Two and Three. 

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE JUDGES 

The specific directions to the judges were : 

1. Read each of the thirty letters carefully, keeping in 

mind the qualities that constitute general merit in 
friendly letters of this type. 

2. Rank the thirty letters in their order of general merit, 

giving the best letter rank No. 1, the next best rank 
No. 2, and so on through to the poorest, which should 
receive rank No. 27. Do not give any two letters 
the same rank. Write the code number (the number 
which you find on the lower left-hand corner of the 
letter) opposite the rank assigned by you to that 
letter. Use the score sheet for your final statement. 
166] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

3. Score each of the thirty letters on the Nassau County 
Supplement to the Hillegas Scale. Write the Hillegas 
values opposite the code numbers on the score sheet. 

NUMBER OF JUDGES NECESSARY 

The ranks assigned by the various judges are given in 
Table 13. The correlation of the ranks assigned by judge 
No. 1 with the ranks assigned by judge No. 10 is .84. 
Applying Brown's formula, we get 

nr 1 80 X .84 67.20 



1 + (n - 1) ri 1 + (79 X .84) 67.36 



= .99 



This indicates that, using .84 as the reliability coefficient 
of judge No. 1, the rehability coefficient for eighty judges 
is .99. It is thus evident that additional judges would not 
materially increase the reliability of the scale. 

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES 

Table 13 gives the ranks assigned each letter. Table 14 
shows the number of times each letter was considered 
better than each of the other letters. Tables 15 and 16 
give the per cents and the P.E. values, respectively. In 
Table 18 the letters are arranged in their order of merit 
from the poorest to the best. The table should be read as 
follows: Letter No. 75 in column (1) is the poorest in 
quality. The nearest sample to No. 75 is sample 45. Of 
the eighty judges 38.8 per cent considered sample 45 to 
be "better" in quality than sample 75. This per cent 
converted into P.E. distance equals .42 as given in column 
(4). In other words, sample No. 45 is .42 P.E. distance 
from the position of sample No. 75. 

The reader will remember that the eighty judges also 
evaluated each of the samples to the best of their abilities 
on the Nassau County Supplement to the Hillegas Scale, 

[671 



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75 









SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

TABLE 18 

The Differences, in Terms of D/M.D., between Each Social Letter 
OF THE First Type and Letter No. 75; and the Average and 
Equivalent Values on the Hillegas Scale 



(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) . 


(6) 


relation 


percentage 


AMOUNT 


AMOUNT 


AVERAGE 


EQUIVALENT 


of 


"better" 


"poorer" 


BETTER 


VALUE ON 


VALUE ON 






D 


THAN 
NO. 75 


HILLEGAS 
SCALE 


HILLEGAS 




M.D. 


SCALE 










75 is 




75 






75 is 


1.69 


1.67 


75 to 45 


38.8 


.42 


45 .42 


2.09 


1.90 


45 55 


31.3 


.73 


55 1.15 


2.37 


2.26 


55 40 


48.8 


.05 


40 1.20 


2.48 


2.29 


40 30 


33.8 


.62 


30 1.82 


3.00 


2.61 


30 71 


32.5 


.67 


71 2.49 


2.09 


2.95 


71 34 


45.0 


.19 


34 2.68 


3.04 


3.05 


34 61 


17.5 


1.39 


61 4.07 


3.64 


3.77 


61 42 


20.0 


1.25 


42 5.32 


4.85 


4.41 


42 31 


35.0 


.57 


31 5.89 


4.80 


4.70 


31 60 


47.5 


.09 


60 5.98 


4.41 


4.75 


60 28 


12.5 


1.71 


28 7.69 


5.87 


5.63 


28 48 


45.0 


.19 


48 7.88 


5.90 


5.72 


48 51 


45.0 


.19 


51 8.07 


6.14 


5.82 


51 63 


35.0 


.57 


63 8.64 


6.41 


6.12 


63 46 


47.5 


.09 


46 8.73 


6.00 


6.16 


46 38 


43.8 


.23 


38 8.96 


< .SS 


6.28 


38 44 


47.5 


.09 


44 9.05 


6.11 


6.33 


44 33 


38.8 


.42 


33 9.47 


6.61 


6.54 


33 56 


26.3 


.94 


56 10.41 


6.65 


7.03 


56 29 


50.0 


.00 


29 10.41 


6.90 


7.03 


29 43 


48.8 


.05 


43 10.46 


7.05 


7.05 


43 47 


36.3 


.52 


47 10.98 


7.24 


7.32 


47 50 


41.3 


.33 


50 11.31 


7.68 


7.49 


50 26 


32.5 


.67 ■ 


26 11.98 


7.46 


7.83 


26 66 


48.8 


.05 


66 12.03 


7.54 


7.86 


66 64 


45.0 


.19 


64 12.12 


8.06 


7.90 


64 57 


50.0 


.00 


57 12.12 


7.98 


7.90 


57 49 


45.0 


.19 


49 12.31 


7.68 


8.00 


49 32 


40.0 


.38 


32 12.69 


8.37 


8.20 



Av. = 7.54 Av. = 5.55 

S.D. = 4.02 S.D. = 2.07 

1 P.E. (Lewis) = .514 P.E. (Hillegas) 



[76 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

Table 17. The average of sample 75 on the supplement 
is 1.69, and the value of sample 45 is 2.09. The equivalent 
values of each sample, obtained as described in Chapters 
Two and Three, are as given in column (6), Table 18. 

SELECTING SAMPLES FOR THE SCALE 

The thirty letters arranged in their order of merit from 
very poor to very good constitute a scale for the measure- 
ment of the quality of friendly letters of this type.^ The 
equivalent value of the poorest letter, No. 75, is 1.67; 
of the best. No. 32, 8.20. A scale containing sixteen 
samples and thirteen steps may be made by selecting 
letters as follows: 



SAMPLE 


VALUE ] 


LENGTH OF 


SCALE 


NUMBER 


OF 


INTERVAL 


VALUE 


75 


. . .1.67 




17 


55 


...2.26 


. . .59 


23 


34 


...3.05 


.. .79 


30 


61 


...3.77 


.. .72 


38 


42 


...4.41 


.. .64 


44 


60 


...4.75 


.. .34 


48 


51 


...5.63 


.. .88 


56 


63 


...6.12 


.. .49 


61 


33 


...6.54 


.. .42 


65 


56— (29) . . 


...7.03— (7.03). 


. . .51 


70 


50 


...7.49 


.. .46 


75 


64— (57) . . 


...7.90— (7.90). 


.. .41 


79 


32 


. . .8.20 


.. .30 


82 



THE THIRTY SOCIAL LETTERS OF THE FIRST TYPE 

1.67 

209 So. Waverly St. 
Watertown, N. Y. 
April 19, 1918. 
Dear Brother 

I am very sory that you are out of sea. I what to if you fill good. 
If you go cosy harber I hope. If you right a letter. My mother said, 
"She wants to know if you fill good or noh. 

I am your dear 

brother Charles Bedda 
[75] 209 So. Waverly St- 

1 See Publishers' Note on page 140. 

[77] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

2.26 

157 Capitol Street 
Sacramento Calif. 
April 19, 1918. 
dear sister I was glad to see you. ' I wish I could see you again. 

Goldie Pearson 
April 19, 1918 
\ Sacremento Cal 

[45] 

2.40 

176 Church Street 

Salem Mass. 
April 19, 1918 
Dear Mary, 

I wish that you will have a good time this Spring. I wish the chil- 
dren will a way from sickness. I wish that you will buy a third liberty 
bond. I wish will have a fine reguars to all of you. 

Your lovely friend 
Gretchen Ruberg 
[55] 

2.29 

106 Maple Street 
Tanawanda, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear, Harry 

I hope that you will soon come home. I forgot you I wish that you 
will soon come back. I wonder where you are now. 

Joseph Terra 
April 19, 1918. 
[40] 

2.61 

155 Willow 
April 19, 1918 
Tacoma Wash 
Dear mother. I write you just a few more lines to let you no that 
we are all well. We are all well that is what I want to hear from you 
dear mother. I wish you have a happy time. 

Bertha Swanson 
[30] 

2.95 

112 State Street 
Cedar Falls, Iowa 
April 19, 1918 
My dear cousin. 

How are you getting along. How is your family getting Our father 
has bought an Automobil. Wliere are you working My mother has a 
baby name Leo. He his one year old. How is Tony is he getting better 

Your cousin 

Samuel Gribner 
[71] 

[781 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

3.05 

29 Willow Street 
San Jose, California 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Cousin, 

My mother was going to send you a letter two weeks ago. But she 
din't haveno time to write it to you. Because she was sick. And if 
you like to come and see my mother we'll be glad to see you. I wish 
you bring all your family over my house. Try to bring your little 
baby with you, I wish to see him. I have a little present to give to 
him 

Your loving cousin 

Mario Toradio 
[34] 

3.77 

158 Oak Street, 
Columbus, Ohio 
April 19, 1918 
Dear Mother 

We are having a lot of fun. We take baby down and play with him. 
We go and buy everything for him. He likes to play on the bed at 
night. Baby likes to play with the balls we give him I go to the 
druggist to buy medicine for sister 

Your loving Son 
Bertie Pinerio 
[61] 

4.41 

38 Park Ave. 
Chicago, Illinois. 
April 19, 1918 
Dear Uncle, 
I am having a fine time in Chicago. It is a smaller City than New 
York. There is very fresh air. From my house I could see all the big 
lake. All the air comes from the lake to our house. It lookes like a 
country to me. There are woods hills and parks. Why don't you come 
for a week and stay. I'd think you would love to live here. It is a 
beautiful City and it is a very clean City. 

Your Loving Friend 

BeU Bridenstine 
[42] 

4.70 

68 Lakeview Avenue 
Buffalo, New York 

April 26, 1917 
Dear Mother, 

I haven't much to do right now so I thought I would write you a 
line or two. 

How are grandpa and grandma and the rest of the folks.? 

[791 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

Billy went to the bird lecture this afternoon so he, for once, isn't 
getting into mischief. 

Let me know when you are coming home and I will meet you at the 
station. 

Your son 
Wilfred 
[31] 



4.75 

144 Grant Street 
Albany, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Joseph, 

I am very happy on this beautiful farm. We play tag, I spie, and 
all sorts of games. My grandfather is very kind to us. We go down 
to the pond and see the ducks swim. We chase after the cows. I 
have a pretty pet it is a little pussy cat. We play, little boy blue. 
W^e Play Bo peep too. We sing songs while we play. Some times we 
go to the apple orchard and we eat apples. We have a grape vine by 
our self. We play with grand mother. We read fairy tales to grand 
mother. Sometimes grand mothere reads to us. We have great fun. 

Your friend 

Kenneth Pay 
[60] 



5.63 

486 Livingston Ave. 

Springfield, Mass. 
April, 19, 1918. 
My dear Alfred, 

I was very glad to receive your letter on the 16th. I was also glad 
that you enjoyed yourself as well as you did. I passed away the 
summer at a very pretty spot in Vermont called Simonsville. My 
brother and John Knapp went with me. John is a good swimmer and 
an excellent shot. He is what American people say "tip-(p) top." 
John has to go back to England on the 21st. You must plan to visit 
me before he sails. My brother learned the remarkable trick of arm 
breaking by falling from a green apple tree. He sits beside me reading 
now. he is unable to write, but before he started he said, "Tell Alfred 
to be sure and visit me soon." I sure hope you will consider that ofi'er. 
I am going to play on the Montclair baseball team this after-noon. I 
am due now. So I will close with my best regards for you health, I 
remain. 

Your true friend, 
Robert Fleming 
[28] 

[801 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

5.72 

26 Magnolia St., 
Trenton, N. J., 
April 19, 1918. 
Dear Uncle Rob, 

It surely seems a long time since I last saw you. We are all going to 
Auntie's house on Sunday. She called us up last night and told us 
that you were coming. Elizabeth and I can hardly wait. Aunt Josie 
has a surprise in store for you. She is very proud of her new service 
flag with four stars. Evant sent us a letter from France. He said that 
he is getting along nicely. It was a cheerful letter for he is very 
pleased that he can now walk on his crutches. Papa suggests that you 
take the bus from the camp and then take the ferry from Alpine. 
You will save about an hour by that route. The whole family send 
their best regards. Little Robbie wants you to bring your gun so 
don't forget. 

Your niece, 

Virginia Simpson 
[48] 

5.82 

19 Belmont Ave 
Cedar Rapids, Iowa 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Cousin Harry, 

Mother told me that you are at Havana, Cuba, now. I received 
your letter from the Bahama Islands, and I thought the account of 
sponge fishing very interesting, especially the part telling how they 
pack large sponges into bales of about 4"x4*x6". It doesn't seem 
possible and, I dont see how they do it. 

I received the tortoise-shell cuff-links yesterday and like them very 

much they are just what I needed, and I thank you so much for them. 

I hope you are having a pleasant stay at Havana and are well. I 

hope you are coming home soon so that you can tell me all about your 

stay at the Bahama Islands and at Cuba and your trip down and back. 

Your loving cousin, 
Edgar R. Powers 
[51] 

6.12 

126 South Broadway 
Albany, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Sister, 

You will have to excuse me for not writing to you for the last few 
days. I have been away for two days visiting Aunt Jennie. 

She took me down the lake with her Thursday and I had almost as 
much fun as you are having. I only tipped the canoe over once and 
then it was in shallow water so I didn't get a swim after all. It seems 
mighty lonely to stay all alone in our large house with only Delia. I 
received a letter from mother yesterday and she said that they were 

[81] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

having a splendid time. I knew they would have; didn't you? Aunt 
Florence has invited me to come and stay with her over Sunday. I 
think that I have told you most of the news. 

I have been counting the days before you come home. Please 
don't change your mind and stay any longer. 

Your sister 

Bernice Benson. 
[63] 

6.16 

271 State Street 
St. Paul Minnesota 

April 19, 1917 
Dear Father and Mother 

You have been away almost three weeks, I see the postman every 
day but I only get (a) one letter (once) a week from you. 

Albert asks me every day, "When are you coming home.'" Willie 
has gone to the beach today with his girl. I don't expect him home 
till about half-past ten. I am getting sick of eating (the) candy and 
cake and other things like that. Albert never tires of ice-cream cones 
and sodas. 

I am going to the lake tomorrow and spend the day there. I can 
ride there on my wheel as it isn't very far away. My bathing suit has 
had some wear this year and I guess I'll have to get another one. 

I am going to take my second-class scout tests a week from tomorrow 
and I think I can pass because Willie has helped me all the time that he 
can spare. I have bought a knife, a hatchet, and a first-aid kit so that 
I may keep up with the scout motto "Be Prepared." Our troop has a 
meet with another troop tonight to see which is the best in the city. 
We have been practicing for two weeks and a half. 

Your Son. 

George Albert Brown 
[46] 

6.28 

43 East Avenue 
Watertown, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Fran, 

Well Fran there certainly has been quite a bit doing about Water- 
town since you left. 

Charley Trowbridge is now on the U. S. S. Charleston, so you see 
he wasn't on the training-ship very long. We just received a card 
from Walter White. He is now down in Jackson Harbor on one of our 
destroyers. Herbert Cosson leaves for the Pelham Bay Naval Training 
Camp on Tuesday. Harold Jarvis is now an ensign on the U. S. S. 
President Grant. Mr. Mathews just told me that Johnny is now in a 
base-hospital in France. Dr. Brumfeld leaves to-day for France, as 
you know he intends to take up Y. M. C. A. work over there. I have 
been working for the Red Cross. We have made a Red Cross room 
our of the school gymnasium. When you return, Fran, you certainly 

[821 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

will be amazed at the patriotism our street has shown. Service-flags 
and Red Cross posters hang in some window of every house. 
Now, Fran, you must write at least one letter to me. 

As ever 
John 

'^I . . 6.33 

73 Livingston Ave. 

Boston, Mass. 
April 19, 1918 
Dear David, 

I received your letter and I'm glad you are having a good time. 
We have had an unpleasant kind of weather First rain, then 
drizzle and then stifling hot days. I hope your weather behaves better. 
Do you know any of the boys up there at camp.? Aren't Douglas 
and Maurice there .^^ 

In the morning Helen goes into your room and runs over to your bed 
saying, "Where's Dabid.^^" 

Dorothy invited me to come to Kripplebush for a month so I'll be 
up there. 

The pussy is still alive and patient as ever. During a very hot spell, 
it ran away but came back again. 

Mother and Helen are going to the seashore for a month while I am 
gone, and Neddy will stay with them. Helen talks about the "Seasore" 
a great deal. 

Mother said to her, "Do you want to go away with me.'*" She 
answered, "Sure." I never saw such a youngster for saying queer things. 
Well, I hope you will have good health and come back soon. 
Your affectionate sister 
Dotty 
[44] 

6.54 

29 Highland Street 
Tanawanda, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Tom, 

Yesterday, I received a letter from Mr. Getty saying that he had 
found a farm in Connecticut, run by Americans, where the owners 
would be glad to have you and me work for them through June, July 
and August. I took it upon myseK to thank him for you for his much 
appreciated troubles. 

Oiu* baseball team played and defeated the Massee boys by a score 
of 15 to 12. BiUy Ganes was our star scorer making 5 runs. We are 
intending to meet the Crestwoods next Tuesday. 

This afternoon, I am going to the Hamilton with Bob Roden and 
Bob Reeves to see The Beast of Berlin. It sounds good. In my next 
letter I'll tell you all about it. 

All are well here, and all send their love to you. Be sure to write as 
soon as you have time. 

Your brother 
[33] Richard Bemis 

[83] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

7.03 

111 Hillcrest Avenue 
Evanston, Illinois 
April 19, 1918 
Dear Elanore, 

It certainly is lonesome since you left. There is no more music, no 
more dancing and no more home-made candy. Do they allow you 
to make candy at the school? 

We are preparing for graduation now. We have our class pins, 
and we are beginning to think about examinations. 

Last Saturday, Leona and I Avent down to see Seventeen. Do you 
remember what fun we had reading the book.'* 

Tom has the baseball craze now, and he is always over at the field 
by the lake. He hardly gives himself enough time to eat. 

Mrs. Smith received a card saying that Henry has arrived safly 
in France. She certainly was glad. That makes five boys from our 
block that are in France, doesn't it? 

I read Carry On the other day. It's great. You ought to read it. 

What time do you have to be in bed? 

Wednesday night, I went to Herbert Schumacher's birthday party. 
Everybody was wishing for you, because we wanted good music to 
dance by. 

We have new people in the house WTiitties used to live in. So far 
we have seen two boys, twins I think, about fourteen years old; and 
a girl about twelve. 

The young men of the church gave a play Tuesday, a comedy. It 
was fine. 

Your loving sister 
Ottilia 
[56] 

7.03 

187 Post Street 
Fairport, New York 

April 19, 1918 
Dear Mother, 

It seems an age since you went away two weeks ago yesterday. I 
have certainly missed you. 

I received your letter from Boston yesterday morning. I will be 
looking for a letter from Portsmouth (about) today or to-morrow. 

There are several letters for you here, among them is one from the 
Lieut. I received a letter from Grandma this morning. She says 
everyone is well there and she is glad you are having a nice time. 

I went to the movies both yesterday and the day before. I went to 
Sidney's party last Thursday and had a fine time. 

Clem said in his letter that they had just come back from the 
trenches. He said that they only washed their hands and faces once 
from Thursday untill Sunday. Such a blow to immaculate Clem. 
He has been transferred from Company F to Company E, and he 
doesn't like that. He still sleeps in F Company though. 

184] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

He is the instructor in field fortifications. As soon as he is through 
instructing he expects to obtain a furlough. 

Ray will be east again some time this month or next. He doesn't 
like it much out there in California. 

Have a fine time. Love 

Your loving daughter 
[29] Elsa May 

7.05 

April 19, 1918 

Dear Mother, i . • 

It seems such a long time since you went away although it is only 
a few weeks. There is somethmg missing in the atmosphere of the 
household without you. 

The baby is well. Little brother is in mischief all the time but I 
guess we can manage him some way. 

A large package came for you by parcel post. It looks very interest- 
ing on the outside. Shall we open it.? 

The wild flowers are all blooming up here. The blood-root is so 
massed that the blooms altogether look like a sheet of snow with 
yellow specs here and there. The pansies are also in bloom and they 
look like a little colony of people with their cute little faces of different 
colors. 

Please write again soon for your letters are such a comfort. t>yery 
time the postman rings, we all run to the like a tribe of wild Indians, 
hoping that it will be a letter from you. 

Give my love to all of the dear people down there and come home 
soon. 

All the children are crowding around sending theu- love too. 

Lovingly yours 
[43] Susan Thompson 

7.32 

266 Bellvue Place 
San Jose, California, 

AprU 19, 1918 

Dear Gladys, j-j • 

We were all glad to hear that you are having such a splendid time. 
Atlantic City is the place to visit for that. Don't you think so? 

Father is very much interested in the fruit trees as is usual about 
this time. The two on the front of the lawn are all in blossom. Our 
flowers are coming up, too, and the pinks on the rocks look beautiful. 

We all went for a ride in the auto Sunday but missed you very 
much. "Baby Beverly" is not as frightened as she used to be in the 
car but, instead, rather enjoys it. , • o • 

I hope we may soon be able to meet you at the Pennsylvania Station 
for, though I know you are having an enjoyable time, it would be 
very lilce you to want to come home. Three weeks seem longer some- 
times than they really are. 

Mother says to tell you that she is sending a white dress for the 
warm afternoons and hopes you will be pleased with it. 

[851 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

All your school friends want you to return soon. Robert, Leslie, 
Beverly, and of course, Mother and Father, send their love. I reckon 
yom* play things especially the dolls are longing for you. I do believe 
the painted smile has left Daisy's face. Come soon and cheer her up! 

Your affectionate sister, 
Jane McRaith 
[47] 

7.49 

55 Maple Avenue, 
Albany, N. Y. 
Dear Florence, 

It seems as though you had been away for ages yet it is barely two 
weeks. I just know you are enjoying yourself so won't bother you 
with that question. 

Everything at home is progressing quite well yet I can't say I 
enjoy the position as housekeeper and will return it to you with pleasure 
when you come home. You have probably heard from Father that 
Harry has a leave of absence for ten days before sailing for "Somewhere 
in France" and will reach home about the 21st. He wrote that he 
expected you would be home as he wants to see us all before he goes 
over. 

Did I wTite you about the Tennis Club at school? I don't think I 
did so will tell you about it. We organized last week and have joined 
in with the boys. We have to pay some money for the upkeep of the 
courts and the privilege of using them. As soon as we have open day 
we will know who makes the first team. I do hope I can play on it as 
they are the ones to play the outside schools and of course that is the 
best fun. This is the first time the girls have entered in any way in to 
the sports at school but I hope it won't be the last. I want to ask you 
another question pertaining to school. A unit has been formed at 
school for the girls to join the farm cadets. Do you think it possible 
for me to join them. Its outdoor w^ork and I like that very much 
beside I will be doing my little bit for Uncle Sam. Please don't say no 
right away but think it over and then let me know. 

I have told you all the news I can think of just now. You wTite us 
soon as we love to get your letters at home. 

Best love, 
Edith 
[50] 

7.83 

Bella Vista Place 
Los Angeles, Calif. 

AprU 19, 1918 
Dear Ellis, 

How does it seem to be back at college once more? I suppose you 
so busy walking to Springfield, working on "The Dartmouth," and per- 
haps studying, that that is the reason I don't hear from you. 

I went to "Seventeen" last night and Willie certainly reminded me 
of a member of our family. Mother said that she recognized another 
Jane in our family, I wonder whom she meant? 

[861 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

Newton wrote me that Mr. Nichols had bought a Chandler, and that 
he, Newton, had been driving it for two days and had gone three 
hundred miles. I think his imagination is marvelous, don't you.? 

Riverdale has been under going some excitement! For several 
nights difiFerent people, especially the Jones, have heard queer noises 
and murderous shrieks. They usually start at about twelve and keep 
up, off and on, for twenty minutes. I heard them last night and they 
certainly sound weu-d. The police are trying to locate the place from 
whence they come, but to no avail. I'll write you if anything more 
happens. 

Jack has been having a cold for about a month, and so he is not 
going to school any more. 

Last Sunday a French dirigible flew up the river as far as Mr. 
Dodge's landing. It came out over the river and then turned slowly 
downward. We had hoped to have it come up by our house but we 
were disappointed. 

Write when you have time. 

Your devoted sister 

Ella Bryson 
[26] 

7.86 

47 Livingston Avenue 
Buffalo, New York 

AprU 19, 1918 
Dear Sister, 

Well they're really here, and how we wish you were too! They 
came yesterday on the 2:57. Uncle Fred telegraphed to Mother in the 
morning, so we were ready for them, in a measure. Aunt Elsie is 
thinner and paler, as you would imagine, then when she went away, 
but Uncle Fred and the children look very well and seem glad to be 
here. To see Kenneth and Elsie-Eleanor together is a picture, he is so 
dark, and she so fair, and so pretty! 

We had the j oiliest time imaginable at supper and afterwards. 
There were seventeen people around our table. Uncle Bob and Aunty 
Evelyn came up from New York you see. Jean and I had a terrible 
time trying to set the table. It took a regular mathimatician to do it. 
In the end we had to put the twins, much to their disappointment, at 
a little table at the side. 

Today Uncle Fred and Aunt Elsie have been looking for rooms. 
They finally found a very nice place on Morris Street, right accross 
from the Parish House. 

Aunt Elsie says that they are going back to China in the early 
summer. Mother was so disappointed, for she thought theu- furlough 
lasted a year. 

Give our dearest love to Grandpa and Grandma and loads for 
yourself. 

As ever, 

Constance Beolin 
[66] 

[871 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

7.90 

10 Radford Street 
Watertown, N. Y. 

Apr. 19, 1918 
Dear Daddie, 

We cannot and do not appreciate a darling and devoted father until 
he has been separated from us even for the short space of two weeks. 
Let me tell you, daddie, this home is dead without you. How we miss 
hearing those jokes and amusing stories at the dinner table every 
evening! Even little Bert, says, "Mother, won't you tell us some 
jokes since daddie isn't here? "We haven't laughed at all to-night." 

Of course we can easily endure all this when we know this trip is so 
beneficial and helpful to you. 

Is Mr. Jennings coming on with you upon your return home.'* I 
hope so. We enjoyed his company immensely during his last visit. 

I suppose you would like your usual report of my school work. Well, 
it isn't any better or any worse. You remember, I spoke to you about 
taking a Physics exam. To be sure the inevitable came yesterday and 
I didn't find it so difficult as I thought it would be. I know, dad, if 
you were here you would say, "Calamity Jane." 

We have all been well and brother and I have kept om* promise in 
seeing that mother is enjoying herself and is not worrying over house 
and home. 

Well, daddie, with a heart full of love, I remain. 
Your little girl (if you will have it so) 
Isabel Forbes 
[64] 

7.90 

70 Powell Avenue 
Trenton, New Jersey. 

AprU 19, 1918. 
Dearest daddy mine. 

Three long weeks it is since I've seen you! Oh how I miss you, and 
wish that you were home. I can scarcely wait until Monday night to 
hear you say, in that cherry way of yours, "Hello little daughter." 

You wrote and asked me to tell you of the things I am doing. First 
of all on the afternoon of her birthday, mother entertained grandma 
and "the folks." We had a lovely time, tho' we missed you terribly. 
Of course school as ever is keeping me more than busy, but this after- 
noon I am going to the city to spend the week-end with grandma. I 
expect to have a real good time, as Aunt Clare is going to take me to 
the theatre tomorrow afternoon, and tomorrow night I am going to the 
"Junior Hop" at college. Sunday I expect to go to Brooklyn to see 
"Fritzie," and as she is ever-ready for a good time we will sin-ely spend 
the day pleasantly. 

Just think, I've written all this without having asked you how 
business is ! Forgive me daddy dear but I do ask you now. And have 
you seen any shows in yoiu- spare moments, while away.? 

As the letter you will write to me in answer to this unreadable 
epistle must be as long as is this one, I will refrain from wTiting you 

[881 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

further, because I realize that time to you is precious. Am I not sym- 
pathetic? Please do not keep me waiting long for a response, but write 
real soon to 

Your "ever-loving" daughter, 
Helen 
[571 

8.00 

Simsbury, Conn. 
October 13, 1904. 
Dear Mother: 

It seems an age since you left us, but I suppose you have barely 
arrived and begun to "do" the Fair. 

The post-cards came, and are almost as pretty as the German ones. 
We have sw^apped, because Fay liked mine better than hers, and she 
has taken her birthday money to buy an album. I have promised to 
help her put all her cards into it next Saturday, if it happens to be 
rainy so that we cannot go chestnutting again. Privately, I hope it 
will be pleasant. 

She and I take turns sitting at the head of the table, and you can 
imagine what a morsel she looked last night, sitting there so erect and 
dignified in your great carved chair. Katy had another accident with 
the china — only a common blue cup, — and you would have smiled to 
hear her say "It doesn't matter," just as kindly as you would have done. 
And she declined a second portion of pudding too, though it was the 
kind she ordered and was very good. 

I believe I promised to write you about my new teachers. I was so 
unreconciled to parting with my dear Mr. Graves, and I even dared to 
tell him so. But he smiled at me in his own pleasant way, and only 
said, "You see. Miss Dale, I can't be with you always!" I haven't had 
time to "size up" the new ones yet, but thus far one of them seems so 
stern and the other so lovely and expectant that I can't possibly slight 
either lesson, and so, between the two of them, I see strenuous days 
ahead. 

Your loving eldest 
Edith 
[49] 

8.20 

Dear Walter, 

It used to be very much of a pleasure to write to you, but since you 
have been taking that English course, and have learned just how, 
where, when, and why to write letters somehow I am afraid to, for I 
picture you as reading them with somewhat of the air that an English 
lord might look at a painting. So please let your literary monocle 
dangle at the end of its silken cord, and just be you, without any 
college frills or fancies. 

Margaret and I were shopping yesterday. She made a solemn vow 
that she would not go out with me again because I tempted her to 
spend money. Such slander! I never tempted anybody to do any- 
thing; not even so small a thing as to "cut" a period at college. Did I? 

[89] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

Already the stores are getting out the left-overs from last Christ- 
mas and putting them on bargain tables. Such a mess of women (and 
a lot of women around a bargain table are messy) buying lorgnette 
chains, tacked on tissue paper! I think it is wicked to display them, 
for just imagine the number of polite lies that will be told concerning 
them! "It is just what I wanted" when the truth is "The old brass 
thing, what did she send me that for?" 

I was hunting favors for my luncheon on Saturday. I would invite 
you, only I am afraid the three old maids would swoop down on you 
like hawks after a young chicken, so for your sake you are only invited 
to come in the evening to eat the last of the sandwiches and salad and 
drink the warmed up coffee. 

Your friend, 

Lillian 
[32] 



90 I 



CHAPTER FIVE 

A Scale for the Measurement of the Quality of 
Social Letters of the Second Type (Problematic) 

SOCIAL letters OF THE SECOND TYPE 

THE aim of the social or friendly letter is to give 
pleasure and to keep friends in touch with one another. 
There are two fairly distinct types of friendly letters. In 
the first type, with which we have dealt in Chapter Four, 
the writer narrates everyday happenings. In the second 
type, the writer may ask or give advice, offer an explana- 
tion, or state a point of view. If the letter develops a 
single idea or topic, it may conveniently be called prob- 
lematic. The scale described in this chapter is composed 
of specimens of this type. 

securing the SAMPLES 

Five hundred and fifty children in Grades 3 to 12 inclu- 
sive were given the following assignment: 

"Write a letter explaining how to do something at which 
you are fairly expert. For example, making sponge cake, 
playing first base, repairing a tire, etc., or it may be a 
letter on an argumentative topic such as the following: 
attempting to convince a friend he should go to your 
chosen college; attempting to convince a classmate who 
has left school, to return; stating why a certain girl 
should be invited to join your club; telling a friend of the 
vocation you expect to enter and why; or trying to con- 
vince a friend of your point of view." 

The letters were written as a class exercise, the assign- 
ment being made a day in advance. Additional samples 
were selected from the letters used in the preceding 
chapter. Letter No. 41 is such an example. Two other 

[91] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

letters were chosen, one from Briggs' "Laboratory Manual 
of Letters," and one from Thorndike's "Extension of the 
Hillegas Scale/' The latter was included because it more 
nearly approached zero than any sample found in the 
preliminary judging. 

SCORING THE SAMPLES 

As in previous scales, two competent judges scored 
the entire group of letters and made a representative 
selection. These were carefully studied, and the number 
reduced to thirty-one representative samples, which were 
mimeographed and distributed to the sixty judges. The 
judges were selected and instructed as in the case of the 
social letters of the first type. The coefficient of correla- 
tion between the ranks assigned by judge No. 1 and those 
assigned by judge No. 10 is .64. If .64 is taken as the 
rehabihty coefficient of judge No. 1, by using Brown's 
formula we find that sixty judges are sufficient to give a 
reliability coefficient of .99. 

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES 

Table 19 shows the ranks assigned; Table 20, the 
"better" judgment; Tables 21 and 22, the per cent and 
P.E. values respectively. Table 23 gives the Hillegas 
Scale values. Table 24, as in previous scales, is a summary 
of all the other tables. Column (1), Table 24, gives the 
relation of each letter to the letter nearest it in value, 
ranged from sample 44, the poorest, to sample 38, the best 
in the group. Columns (2) and (3), giving percentage 
"better" and amount "poorer," are deiived from Tables 21 
and 22. Column (4) gives the amount that each letter 
was found to be better than letter No. 44, the poorest. 
The average and equivalent values on the Hillegas Scale 
are found in columns (5) and (6), computed as in previous 
scales. 

[92] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 



SELECTING THE SAMPLES FOR THE FINAL SCALE 

The thirty-one letters arranged in their order of merit 
from very poor to very good constitute a scale for the 
measurement of the general merit of this type of social 
letter. 1 The poorest, which is of zero value on the Thorn- 
dike Extension of the Hillegas Scale, has an equivalent 
value, as here computed, of .39. Two samples are valued 
between 1.00 and 1.99; one between 2.00 and 3.99; three 
between 4.00 and 4.99; six between 5.00 and 5.99; four 
between 6.00 and 6.99; and seven between 7.00 and 7.99. 
A scale containing ten samples and eight steps is suggested: 

SAMPLE EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF SCALE 

NUMBER VALUE INTERVAL VALUE 

44 39 4 

45 1.43 1.04 14 

31 2.74 1.31 27 

, 39 3.16 42 31 

28 4.11 95 41 

32 5.13 1.02 51 

23 6.06 93 61 

29 and 51 7.14 1.08 71 

38 7.81 67 78 

If a scale containing shorter intervals of value is desired, 
the following is suggested : 

SAMPLE EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF SCALE 

NUMBER VALUE INTERVAL VALUE 

44 39 4 

27 1.43 1.04 14 

31. 2.74 1.31 27 

39 3.16 42 32 

30 3.61 45 36 

28 4.11 50 41 

21 4.51 40 45 

32 5.13 62 51 

33 5.47 34 55 

23 6.06 59 61 

50 6.47 41 65 

29 7.14 67 71 

43 7.51 37 75 

38 7.81 30 79 

1 See Publishers' Note on page 140. 

[93] 



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97 



TABLE 21 

The Number of "Better" Judgments in Table 20 Reduced to the Per Cent of the Total Number oF Judges 

Read the table left to right: 20.0 per cent of the sixty judges considered sample 49 "better" than sample 38, etc. 



49 



3.3 



45.0 

1.6 
3.3 
5.0 
11.6 



1.6 

'5.6 

5.0 

18.S 

1.6 



38 



18.3 
43.3 
13.3 

1.0 
20.0 
20.0 
28.3 

1.6 

5.0 



25 



61.6 
81.6 



8.3 
1.6 



1.6 
5.0 
6.6 
10.0 
1.6 



1.6 
6.6 

6.6 

23.3 

1.6 



41 



21.6 
56.6 
23.3 



5.0 
33.3 
21.6 
41.8 



50 



1. 

1.6 

10.0 

1.6 



1.6 
6.6 
1.6 



75.0 
86.6 
73.3 
83.3 



35.0 
.6 



.6 
10.0 



96.6 
98.3 
85.0 
95.0 
88.3 



6.6 
11.6 
3.3 



10.0 
46.6 



3.3 

1.6 

1.6 

13.3 

10.0 

50.0 

43.3 



4.3.3 
80.0 
31.6 
66.6 
13.3 

5.0 

23!3 

i'.ei 
5.0 



21.6 

28.3 



10.0 
1.6 



51 



56.6 
80.0 
48.3 
78.3 
33.3 

8.3 
76.6 



1.6 
50.0 

3.3 

6.6 

11.6 

20.0 



1.6 

S.3 

21.6 

1.6 



43 



35.0 
71.6 
35.0 
58.3 
20.0 

5.0 
45.0 
28.3 



1.6 
5.0 
11.6 



5.0 
11.6 



30 



100 
88.3 
98.3 

100 



86.6 
98.3 
96.6 
100 



36.6 
'4i!6 



13.3 
33.3 



45.0 
i".6 



23 



88.3 
95.0 
91.6 
93.3 
65.0 

26.6 
95.0 
88.3 
91.6 
6.6 



41.6 
3.3 



3.3 
1.6 
18.3 

23.3 

"sio 



100 
100 

98.3 
100 

98.3 

93.3 
100 
100 
100 

63.3 



15.0 
40.0 



35 



100 
100 
100 
100 
98.3 

88.3 
100 
100 
100 

43.2 

96.6 
35.0 



8.3 
16.6 



38.3 
1.6 



78.8 
98.3 
100 



98.3 
53.3 
68.3 



13.3 
31.6 



29 



55.0 
88.3 
41.6 
85.0 
41.6 

5.0 
71.6 
50.0 
68.3 

5.0 

20.0 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 



3.3 
18.3 
21.6 

5.0 



1 
13.3 

1.6 
21.6 
3.3 



98.3 

90.0 
100 

96.6 
100 

40.0 

98.3 
31.6 
53.3 
36.6 
100 



6.6 
15.0 



90.6 
96.6 
95.0 
98.3 
90.0 

53.3 
100 
93.3 
98.3 
8.3 

78.3 
11.6 
15.0 
1.6 
98.3 

8.3 



16.0 
1.6 



95.0 
100 
93.3 
98.3 
88.3 

41.6 
100 
88.3 
95.0 
8.3 

73.3 
8.3 
8.3 
3.3 

81.6 

8.3 
40.0 



10.0 
1.6 



45.0 
'i3!3 



88.3 
93.3 
90.0 
90.0 
68.3 

26.6 
90.0 
80.0 
88.3 
5.0 

58.3 
3.3 
1.6 
1.6 

78.3 

5.0 
41.6 
25.0 



6.i 

'soio 

28.3 



48 



100 

100 
98.3 
98.3 

100 

96.6 
98.3 

100 

100 



96.6 
33.3 
46.6 
40.0 
95.0 

55.0 
85.0 
90.0 
98.3 



3.3 
11.6 



36.6 
1 



98.3 
85.0 
91.6 
86.( 
100 

93.3 
98.3 

100 

100 
96.6 



100 
100 
100 
100 
98.3 

98.3 
100 
100 
100 



100 
60.0 
83.3 
68.3 

100 

85.0 
100 
100 
100 

88.3 

30.0 



98.3 
100 
100 
100 

96.6 



96.6 
98.3 
100 
31.6 

96.6 
36.6 
48.3 
28.3 
100 

43.3 
85.0 
90.0 
93.3 
46.6 

11.6 
18.3 



36.6 
1.6 
1.6 



34 



100 
100 

98.; 

100 
100 

94.0 
100 
100 
100 

53.3 

98.3 
58.3 
65.0 
46.6 
98.3 

65.0 
90.0 
98.3 
100 
56.6 

15.0 
31.6 
73.3 



33 



95.0 
93.3 
93.3 
93.3 
80.0 

50.0 
96.6 
95.0 
96.6 
13.3 

81.6 
3.3 

13.3 
6.6 

86.6 

13.3 
43.3 
48.3 
70.0 
11 

1.6 
3.3 
15.0 
6.6 



10.0 
1 
1.6 



95.0 
98.3 
93.3 
98. ;{ 
81.6 

50.6 
90.0 
90.(i 
95.0 
16.(i 

76.6 
5.0 

20.0 
8.3 

98.3 

13.3 
53.3 
55.0 
71.0 
18.3 

1. 

6.6 
21.6 

6.6 
55.fl 



81.0 
93. ;{ 
70.0 
93.3 
01.0 

25.0 
90.0 
78.3 
88.3 
3.3 

41.0 
1.0 
0.0 
3.3 

78.3 

3.3 
10.0 
20.0 
48.3 
10.0 

1.6 
5.0 

13.3 
3.3 

38.3 



!)8.3 
100 
SI8.3 
1)8.3 
95.0 

S6.6 
100 

118.3 
100 

55.0 

05.0 
43.3 
01.6 
48.3 
90.6 

,51.6 
88.3 
S6.6 
93.3 
21.6 

il.G 

;)8.3 

03.0 
43.3 
90.0 



27 



100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
98.3 
98.3 

100 

100 

100 
100 
100 
100 



95.0 
98.3 
98.3 
98.3 
98.3 

100 
100 
100 



45 



100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 



100 
100 
100 
98.3 
100 

100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

100 

100 
98.3 
98.3 
98.3 

100 
100 
100 
45.0 

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sOt>QOOvO 


-N<Nf«5Tt<tf5 


v©t>OOOs© 




^J:iS?;^ 



98 



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1-H 0< ,-H 05 rH 


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I-H I-. 1— 1 1— 1 








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S« 1-h' ,-H S< 


o®*oooo 

■ rH rH 0< 


Oi 00 O OS M 
rH ■ 'rH a* 


q ®» q rH q 


To ^ 00 00 o 


C5 q r- 00 M 

o< so r-< sc ® 


oo o 00 CO a* 


ss:^-2^ 


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©< o< ®« ®« « 


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q 00 00 00 q 

•0<>« 0< 90 ifj 


00 q 00 "i ®» 

<rt -* so so (W 


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so so "C ^ r^ 


OSOCDOOO 
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05 O^OOX so 
SO SO SO «0 SO 


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o a« o o o 
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00 GO 05 t* *0 

a«a« rH 50 50 



q •# q t> q 

CO ■* «5 O CO 



CO •* CO T^ s* 
50 so ©< 50 so 



05 0< 05 CX »f5 



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so so so so >o 



CO rH 00 CO o 
©« rH 50 S< «d 


05 i> OS O l> 
rH* e< .^ ■*■ 50 


00 qoqa*-* 
sosoa* -^so 


>o W5 q q q 
rH aJ "*■ '^ >c 


X soxo i-H 
so a« o< so so 


rH IC OXX 

■«^ aisoaia* 


oocooo 

«D «0 50* >fl «5 


o««oooo 

1C«5 50J>od 


a< © a< a» X 
j> t> i> i>d 


q q »c q q 

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«• «5 d «5 1>: 


q ■* q a< q 


oocooo 00 00 

©< so S< ®< 50 


OS 'flGO rHOO 
rH S0 50»« ©* 


©a<XrH« 
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»0 O Tj; CO X 

>rtaJ r^-* so 


00 q 00 X rH 

so so ©» ©«' 50 


Xt-OSX OS 
50 ^ r4 a* ^• 


o» ®» q q q 
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q «5 q q t-; 

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d X 00 00 OS* 


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o6i> d i> 


a» >o q e« a< 
j> t-* d i> i> 


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00 00 t-* 00 OS 




o q ©< q q 
coi>i> 00 00 


a< o©x© 
t^oioot^oo 


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a»«50©05 

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d t>J>i> 00 


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X X X t- X 


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tC fC ^ f^ f^ 


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»C»CkO»ONO 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

TABLE 24 

The Differences, in Terms of D/M.D., between Each Social Letter 
OF THE Second Type and Letter No. 44; and the Average 
AND Equivalent Values on the Hillegas Scale 



(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


RELATION 


PERCENTAGE 


AMOUNT 


AMOUNT 


AVERAGE 


EQUIVALENT 


OF 


"better" 


"poorer" 


BETTER 


VALUE ON 


VALUE ON 






D 


THAN 

NO. 44 


HILLEGAS 
SCALE 


HILLEGAS 




M. D. 


SCALE 


44 






44 is 


44 is.53 


.39 


44 to 45 


11.6 


1.77 


45 1.77 


1.43 


1.38 


45 27 


45.0 


.19 


27 1.96 


1.45 


1.43 


27 31 


5.0 


2.44 


31 4.40 


2.68 


2.74 


31 39 


30.0 


.78 


39 5.18 


3.16 


3.16 


39 34 


31.6 


.71 


34 5.89 


3.52 


3.54 


34 30 


46.6 


.13 


30 6.02 


3.80 


3.61 


30 35 


43.3 


.25 


35 6.27 


4.05 


3.74 


35 48 


46.6 


.13 


48 6.30 


4.15 


3.75 


48 46 


45.0 


.19 


46 6.49 


3.98 


3.86 


46 20 


46.6 


.13 


20 6.62 


3.55 


3.93 


20 28 


46.6 


.13 


28 6.95 


3.52 


4.11 


28 24 


43.3 


.25 


24 7.20 


3.58 


4.24 


24 21 


36.6 


.51 


21 7.71 


4.03 


4.51 


21 32 


21.6 


1.16 


32 8.87 


5.14 


5.13 


32 22 


46.6 


.13 


22 9.00 


5.13 


5.20 


22 26 


46.6 


.13 


26 9.13 


5.25 


5.27 


26 47 


41.6 


.32 


47 9.45 


5.42 


5.44 


47 33 


48.3 


.06 


33 9.51 


5.37 


5.47 


33 37 


30.0 


.78 


37 10.29 


5.93 


5.89 


37 23 


41.6 


.32 


23 10.61 


6.07 


6.06 


23 42 


41.6 


.32 


42 10.93 


6.15 


6.23 


42 50 


38.3 


.44 


50 11.37 


6.53 


6.47 


50 25 


26.6 


.93 


25 12.30 


7.22 


6.96 


25 29 


41.6 


.32 


29 12.62 


6.94 


7.14 


29 51 


50.0 


.00 


51 12.62 


7.18 


7.14 


51 49 


43.3 


.25 


49 12.87 


7.36 


7.25 


49 36 


43.3 


.25 


36 13.12 


7.53 


7.40 


36 43 


45.0 


.19 


43 13.31 


7.61 


7.51 


43 41 


41.6 


.32 


41 13.63 


7.91 


7.68 


41 38 


43.3 


.25 


38 13.88 


8.16 


7.81 



Av. = 8.59 
S.D. = 3.7 
1 P.E. (Lewis) = 



Av.=4.98 
S.D. = 1.98 
.535 P. E. (Hillegas) 



[100 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

THE THIRTY-ONE LETTERS ARRANGED IN THEIR ORDER 
OF VALUE 

Following are the thirty-one social letters of the second 
type arranged in their order of merit. The letters marked 
X are those suggested for a scale of eight steps. The letters 
marked y are suggested for a scale containing shorter inter- 
vals. 

.39 

^ Dear Sir : I write to say that it aint a square deal Schools is I say they 
is I went to a school, red /and gree green and brown aint it hito bit I 

y say he don't know his business not to-day nor saterday and you know 
it and I want Jennie to get me out. 

[44] 

1.38 

Dear Antoinette, I did not see you five or six years. I want to no the 
visiting day is. You all the Sisters have a Holy Sunday Day? and all 
X the Sisters. 

Your Neffue 

Adolf 
[45] 

1.43 

Dear Uncle 12 Columbus 

do you know April 10 1911 

y what we are Austin Texas 

doing in school 
We are doing 
a letter to our friends / our Uncles are Ant and other people are very 
glad to to school. We are learning long divition now. 

[27] 

2.74 

90 Hill Avenye 
St. Louis, Mo. 
April 19, 1918 
/p Dear Russell 

I wish toyou a happy year I hope you will be back this summer. I 

y hope you will be a good man I hope you will come and play ball with 

me when you come back We will go up in the woods an play tag. 

We will have much fun this summer I hope you will be here this summer 

ISl] 

[101] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

3.16 

52 Columbus Ave. 

Akron, Ohio 
May 2, 1918 
Dear John, 
^ I am going to work when I am going to be big. When I graduate 
No 10. School I am going to trade school to take up engineering. When 
y I know engineering very well I will apply to this job. I am taking 
engineering because I will get a sum of money each week and this will 
help my father and mother. I must be very careful when driving it. 

Yours, truly 

Morris 
[39] 

3.54 

278 Winter Street 
Charlotte, N. C. 
May 2, 1918 
Dear Friend, 

I hope you are enjoying the place you are working, but we would 
like, if you came to school again. We have another teacher and she is 
kind to every pupil. I think you would like best to work than to go to 
school, bit I think it isn't. We are out every day earlier than usual. 
If you would like to come to school back again we will receive you 
gladly. I would like to go to work too, but my mother wouldn't let 
me go because if you go to school you will learn something and when 
you work you will not learn anything. Come back to school and you 
will be glad you came. 

Yours truly, 

Marie 
[34] 

3.61 

99 Kansas St., 
Hackensack, N. J. 

June 28, 1917 
Dear Alma, 

I was very sorry to hear that you were not promoted, and hearing 
that you are not going back in September. One thing that I can tell 
you is that to get your deplomer and say that you graduated, is to 
stay six months in school, and you could say to every one that you 
have your deplomors, which you will have for life. But if you stay out 
of school those six months I do not know what you will do, because 
every one no-a day wants a girl or boy that graduated at least from 
y grammar school, and I think you would like to stay, just six months 
more in school, because I know I would, and my one ask me, I could 
say yes, and not say well I only went as far as the eight grade and then 
left, and the people would think that you went so far in school you 
oughtnto graduate. 

I am telling you again go to school for at least six months and gradu- 
ate, and not stay home from school and not get your deplomoers. 

[102] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

Because if I were you I would finish the grade out and then you know 
what you did. 

I remain your friend, 

AmeUa Klier. 
[30] 

3.74 

42 Temple St., 
Spencer, 111. 
June 8, 1917 
Dear Philip, 

If you take my advice you would not leave school. You will be in 
my class and we will have a new teacher. If you go to work you will 
get a job of five dollars a week. You might be driving on a wagon 
your school mates will hold a high position. You might loose your job 
and go loafing around the streets instead of getting your education. I 
think you would do much better if you would stay in school a year or 
two longer. 

Yours truly, 

Stephen 
[35] 

3.75 

42 Main Street 
New Orlenas, La. 

May 2, 1918 
Dear Mr. Jones. 

I am preparing for the trade of a mechanic. I am in the 6th grade 
now and when I finish the 8th grade I will start that trade. I will take 
a two years coarse. I like that trade because my brother is a mechanic 
and my friends are. They were going to this school. They took two 
years coarse to learn it. One of my friends are still going to school. 
That is all I have to write now. 

Yours truly 
[481 

3.86 

00 Jefferson Street 
Yonkers, New York. 
May 2, 1917 
Dear Friend, 

I was thinking to become a machinist as I am a pupil of No. 10 
School in which I expect to graduate. There are many reasons why I 
like this trade. It will help the United States government and after 
this great war I expect to leave for France and help building it up 
again. I was also thinking that you would like to become one also 
andwill study together. Think of the building destroy and also of the 
many factories. In this trade we shall help a great deal. We shall 
also receive a salary of $20 to $30 per week. 

Yours truly, 

Russell 
[4«J 

[103] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

3.93 

19 Belmont St., 
Mount Vernon, N. Y. 

June 28, 1917. 
Dear Friend, 

Don't get discoiu-aged. Why should you Boys has been left back 
and the other boys don't laugh at you feel sorry. This summer the 
schools are going to have a summer schools for the ones who were left 
back, conditioned or the ones who want to get a double promotion. 
Why don't you enter and in the fall you can take your exams, over and 
most likely pass. I suppose you don't like the idea of going to school 
during vacation but summer school is from 8 or 9, to 12 o'clock and 
then you have the hot afternoon off. Take my advise and be wise. 
Let me know if you are going. 

Your true friend 
[20] 

4.11 

June 29, 1917. 
DearWiU: 

I am going to you that I cannot go to the party tonight, because my 

father has just returned from a trip, which to him three weeks. 

J. I am awfully sorry I cannot attend, but you understand how it is 

when you father has been away for a long time. You like to tell things 

y that have happened, and you also realize how you like to asked him 

every thing. 

When you have you vacation I want you to go camping with me 
along the River, I was camping last year, and I certainly enjoyed it. 

I remain 
John Jacobs 
[28] 

4.24 

72 Beech st 
Los Angeles Cal 
Dear Salvatore we are going to have a base ball gam Sunday April 
21, 1918. Bring your bat and glove. I will bring the ball. 

From your best friend 

Pierce 
[24] 

4.51 

8 Harbor Road 
Port Jervis, N. J. 

May 4, 1918 
Dear William, 

How are you getting along. I am fine. Why did you go out of the 
Baseball Club.? We are having a fine time now and are having a lot 
of fun. They all want you back. They said, "I should tell you to come 
y back because we want to pitch for our team." Come back and sign 
yorn- name in the book on Sunday afternoon. Tell me the reason why 

[104] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

you went out of our club. Did some one tell you not to come and join 
their club? Tell me in the next letter why you went out of our club. 
Don't forget to come back. 

Yours truly, 

Thomas Burch 
[21] 

5.13 

Royal James Inn, 
Norwalk, Conn. 

March. 28. 1917 
Dear De Witt, 

I received your letter yeasterday and am very glad to hear that you 
are getting such good results with your new wireless set. The sending 
reckord seames rather freakish to me however and I doubt if you can 
ever duplicate it. The uesual range as you know is hardly ever more 
than one hundred miles per K.W. with a decreas of 25% over 4. K.W. 
Therefor you have certainly acheived quite unuesual feat in sending 
^ three hundred miles with your 1. K.W. 

I would advise you to look up yom* wave, and see that it is not over 
y 200 meters long. Otherwise you may get "pinched" by the Fedrel 
servise. 

That E. W. A. report you sent me the other day is certainly good 
reading. How often do they get them out. 

Dad gave em a 50,000 Cyl. rotary spark gap for my bu-thday and it 
increased my range 30%. 

I shure do hope that you and Margret can visit us for a while this 
summer. I feel as if I hadent seen you for ten years. 
Give my love to uncul George and the rest. 

Your affectionate cousin 
Laird 
[32] 

5.20 

264 Flax Hill Road, 
So. Norwalk, Ct., 
April 13, 1917. 
Dear Dick: 

Holo there Dick old scout how are you anyway. 
Say I want to know if you can come up to the farm this summer, Dad 
and my brother have joined the home guard and might be called out, 
so I want you to come up and help me do some of their work, "It's 
great fun" ! 

Mother said she will pay us seventy-five cents a day and let us have 
all the cherries and fruit we want. 

We have a little poney that I am learning to ride and if you come up 
you can learn to ride also. 

He can run as fast as a big horse but he likes to throw you off his 

back into the brook, he has done it to me two or three times this week. 

Dad say that he will not do that very long because as they grow 

older they lose all those tricks, so by the time you come up he might 

not throw you into the brook. 

[1051 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

Say! I have two B. B. guns and when yo\i come up we can shoot 
chipmonks and small snakes, thats more fun the farming or rideing 
the poney. 

Well just write em and say that you can come up, and you will have 
all the fun and work you can do. 

Well Solong! Dick, I see you in a few weeks. 

With love to all, 
Joe 
[22] 

5.27 

114 Water St., 
So. Norwalk, Conn., 

April 13, 1917. 
Dear Herman, 

Hello, there Herman are you with us, say yes. We have planned a 
fishing trip for vacation. Some friends and I will be down about the 
latter part of Jime. 

Buy some tar and cotton and other things that is needed in preparing 
the skiff. Get Buddy to help you do the work and we will make it all 
right with you. 

We have bought a tent, and some cooking utensial. I have bought 
a steel rod and some artificial bait and two packages of steel hooks. 

About what time does the fish start to bite? Do you catch any 
more of them big whoopa's as we use to.^* My Uncle wrote to us, and 
he said that the fish was getting scarce. But any how we'll try them 
this summer. 

Herman, be sure to patch that seam on the star board side. That 
hole looks very dangerous and every time to much weight gets on that 
side, she takes in a barrel of water. 

I will bring my gun, because some stray bird might be off of his 
course and — oh for that pot pie he will make. 

Have your gun handy too for a submarine might appear at any 
moment and I pity us. But with my old trusty I can make it ok with 
any submarine 

From your trusty friend 
A. Charity 
[26] 

5.44 

48 Emerson Avenue 

Detroit, Mich. 
May 8, 1918 
Dear Fred, 

I thought you would like to know the profession I am going to take 
up. It is dentistry and is an easy vocation. After I graduate from the 
grammar school, I will go to High School and take a four year general 
course, which will prepare me for college. After passing all my sub- 
jects in high school, I will go to college, and after graduating there I 
will get a diploma which makes me certified dentist and makes my 
title "Doctor" which I shall be proud of. The way I think, it is an easy 
task. WTiile I am going to high school, I shall try to get a position in 

[106] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

some dentist's office so as to get a start in the profession. I surely 
know that it would be an easy thing for you. If you shall go to work 
now, you will only get from eight to nine dollars a week and if you 
shall take up dentistry you will get a great deal more money in one day 
than you shall get now. It also makes you an educated man and also 
a well known man. I hope you will take up the same profession and 
we can go to high school and college to gether. 

Your dear Friend 

Bert 
[47] 

5.47 

20 Woodlawn, Ave., 
Fairhaven, New York 
May 2, 1919 
Dear Mr. Adams; 

Seeing that your lot is not occupied we are asking you to give us 
permission to use it as a baseball field. We would keep the lot in good 
y condition. We were going to get a field at Vandeveer Park but it was 
occupied by soldiers. 

According to our ability we will refer you to Miss Earle, principal 
of Number 2 School in which we are pupils. Hoping to hear from you 
at an early date. 

Yours truly, 

Peter Sawyer. 
[33] 

5.89 

58 Hudson Street 

York, Maine 
May 2, 1918 
Dear Friend, 

I received your lovely letter and I was deeply interested in it. When 
you spoke of what you were doing to help our boys over in France, I 
thought you would like to know what our girls were doing. 

We have organized a club called. Willing Workers. I think that is a 
good name because anyone who loves their country will be a Willing 
Worker. We have received considerable favors. As we could not 
have a meeting room in church, our Sunday school teacher said that we 
may meet at the girl's houses, if it was convenient. When the girls 
meet twice a month, they sew for the Belgium Babies over there. We 
pay as much as we can for dues. The dues is saved and when we have 
enough, we buy testiments for the soldiers. The girls are willing to do 
this instead of spending the money for sweet things. 

I hope you are succeeding with yours. When you come this summer, 
I will take you to the meetings and hope you will be interested in it 
as I am. 

Yours truly, 

Alice Carter. 
[37] 

[1071 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

6.06 

94 Lawrence Street, 
New York, March 19, 1918 
Dear Howard, 

This summer I am going to a camp up in Maine. I have been asked 
to go by an old friend of mine. 

This morning I received the particulars about the camp from the 
/J, camp-master. The expenses are not very great and you get a great 
deal of fun out of the camp. It is to be open for two months. There 
y are many athletic appliances in the camp as bats, balls, gloves, dumb- 
bells, clubs, etc. There is also a baseball field and a gymnasium. 

I am hoping that your mother will let you come because it will be 
beneficial to you, giving you much needed health and exercise. Hoping 
that you and your family are feeling well, I remain. 

Your affectionate friend 

Mark Jacobs. 
[23] 

6.23 

225 State Street, 
Trenton, N. J., 
June 29, 1917. 
Dear Emma, 

I received your letter and was very glad to get it. 

Something very funny happed at our house last week and I will tell 
you about it. 

William came in the house and said, "Well mother, I have a new 
addition to the family." 

"What is it," said Mother calmly for she is used to such things as 
you know. 

"Here it is." He opened a basket and out jumped a baby bear. 

Her name is Baby," said William. "Oh," we cried "I think she just 
darling" I am glad you will be home soon so you can see it. 

Yesterday while I was baking a cake I heard a little cry. I ran to 
the dining room and there was the cat slapping Baby and biting her. 
I just sat down on the chair and laughed and laughed. Then I took 
the cat away and began to play with Baby. 
Wliile I was playin Anna May and Ethel came over to play. 

Just then Ethel said, "I smell something burning, Marie. 

"Oh, my cake," I cried My cake. 
It was burnt to a crisp so I made another one and sat it on the table 
with the icing. We played again for quite a while and then they 
wanted to see Baby. "She is in the kitchen," I said "Come right out. 
But what a sight greeted my eyes. There was Baby eating all the 
icing. The girls laughed loudly but to have two cake spoilt is no 
laughing matter to me. I baked another cake but I must tell you I 
put this out of Babys reach. 

I am yoiu- loving sister 

Alice Alexander 
[42] 

[1081 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

6.47 

44 Grafton Street 
Cumberland, Md. 
May 6, 1918 
Dear Hetty, 

When your mother visited us last week, she told us that your greatest 
ambition was to be an elocution teacher and she seemed distressed over 
it. We asked her why she was opposed to it and she replied that this 
was not a suitable position for a girl so delicate as you. Would you 
like to study to be a private secretary? After I convince you that it 
is a splendid, advantageous industry, I am quite sure you will agree 
with me in saying that it is a suitable position. It is my greatest ambi- 
tion to be a private secretary and, when I graduate, I shall begin to 
attend High School. 
y You must study a four year business course which includes two year 
general and two year business. Some of the most interesting subjects 
you must study are algebra, biology, typewriting, bookkeeping, and a 
correspondence course. We might go to school together and be great 
friends. WTien you have completed the work in High School which is 
quite a simple matter, you are ready to go forth into the business 
world, making an enviable salary. 

Hoping I have convinced you to study for this position, and anxious 
to receive an early favorable reply to ascertain whether you are really 
convinced, I am 

Your friend forever 

Sara Smith 
[50] 



6.96 

Scranton, Penn. 
June 29, 1917. 
Dear Ken, 

I received your letter saying that you intended to go to Harvard this 
fall. I was greatly disappointed because I had hoped that we could 
both attend the same college and possibly room together. But you 
know father went to Rugers and he wants me to go there too; in fact 
he had made nearly all the arrangements last fall. There is no possi- 
bility of my changing and I suppose you are in a like fix, so we will have 
to make the best of a bad situation. There is one comfort however; 

in both colleges there are chapters of my fathers fraternity 

and perhaps we may both get bids from it. 

We are going to Short Beach for this summer and as it is only twenty 
miles from your home you can come over for week ends. I hope we will 
be able to spend most of this summer to gether because it will probably 
be our last chance to be together for a long time. 

Your friend, 
Ted. 
[25] 

[109] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

7.14 

Hackensack, N. J., 

June 29, 1917. 
Dear Kathryn: — 

Received you letter yesterday, and read it in one minute. This is 
the third long letter you promised me, and its the third short letter I 
received. Glad to hear that you're a full-fledged "Rose," and hope 
you'll have lots of fun dominating the "Buds." I expect some candy 
from that lovely Rose-kitchen of yours, as I suppose you will take 
advantage of your "Rose" privelege. 

The contents of your letter could be put in a telegram of eleven 
words — Passed all but French, Am a "Rose" now, preparing for Vassar. 
^ You didn't even write about the Rose bush ceremony. 

I'm surprised to hear that you're going to Vassar, though many 
y prefer that. I heard one gentleman say he preferred Wellington 
because there was more practical knowledge than daisy chains. As I 
expect to go to Wellington I thought this was a very good argument. 
In Wellington you do your own work in your room, and learn a great 
many things. 

Do you expect to do special work in drawing.'* I haven't diceded 
what to specialize in, as yet. Bumps has advised me to specialize in 
taking care of him. You'd be surprised to see the number of cuts and 
bruises he accumulates. 

Shall expect letters at the "Cedars." Edgemer L. I. 

Your loving friend, 
Lally. 
[29] 

7.14 

340 Main Street 
Hackensack, New Jersey 

June 28, 1917. 
Dear Marion : 

You may be surprised to hear from me so soon, but while you were 
here I forgot to mention a most important fact. As you know, our 
club seems to be falling apart, and plainly needs a girl who can be 
leader, and one whom the girls will come to love. I have in mind just 
such a person, Mildred Skye, by name, who, I know, would fill the 
position. She has been the leader of a band of Camp Fire Girls here 
X in town, and has had great success in this line. Last summer the girls 
went camping, and all of them told me that their happy summer was 
due to Mildred's ability. The Camp, I believe, has broken up because 
of financial diflBlculties. 

In many ways, Mildred is an artist, for she knows how to do almost 
anything. I am sure the girls would like her, for she can teach them to 
do so many things, and yet give them a fine time. I hope you will con- 
sider this recommendation and let me know your decision soon. 

Your loving friend, 
Eleanor. 
[511 

1110] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

7.25 

20 Brown Street, 
Charleston, Conn. 
June 28, 1917. 
Dear Frank: — 

In reference to the person whose name was brought up in the last 
meeting of the Club, I wish to say that that fellow would make a good 
member. I've known him nearly all his life and have never heard of 
his saying or doing anything that would prove to be a detriment to 
himself or to any one around him. I am also quite sure that his is 
anxious to be a member of the club, and that he would like nothing 
better. He's steady and always has been. He has been working for 
five years with the same firm and now holds a responsible position. 

This fellow is cheerful and full of fun. He never gets offended over 
small matters but takes them in the right way. His ability to keep 
secrets is something wonderful. You couldn't get a secret out of him 
with a sledge-hammer and a chisel. In my mind he's just the type of 
fellow we want in the club. I cannot recommend him too highly and 
I think he should be taken in by a unanimous vote, and I trust that 
you, as a friend of mine, will try to have him come in that way. 

Your friend 

James A. Williams 
[49] 

7.40 

287 Park St. 
Hackensack, N. J., 

June 28, 1917. 
Dear Marion, 

I wonder if you know Lois At wood. Oh, no, I forgot you went to 
Chicago just before she came. She is a wonderful girl and I want her 
to belong to the A. C. F., but thought it only fair, since you are presi- 
dent to tell you what she is like first. Of course, everything about her 
can't be put in a letter very well, but I wanted you to get an idea of 
the kind of girl she is before you get home next week. 

She is, first of all, very pleasant, just the kind of gbl you want near 
you when you are blue and discouraged. She is always courteous, 
willing to do anything for her friends, and, above all, she is trust- 
worthy. You know that is one of our strictest requirements. I have 
never known her to tell even a "white lie," yet she never hurts anyone's 
feelings as some do. 

Now, don't get the impression that she is a prig, for she isnt. She is 
full of fun, always laughing and joking. And does appreciate any- 
thing you do for her. 

And how she does love the beautiful! She has the most wonderful 
room and she arranged it all herself. It is so artistic And everything 
harmonizes so well. I can't do it justice, so you will have to wait 
until you get home and see it for yourself. 

You see she is just the kind of girl we need and want in the A. C. F. 

[Ill] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

I do hope you will like her when you get home. I can't think of a single 

requirement she doesn't fulfill. 

Waiting impatiently for yoiu* opinion, I remain, 

Yours hopefully, 
Bab. 
[36] 

7.51 

53 College Ave., 
Springfield, Mass., 
April 19, 1918. 
Dear Genevieve, 

As the summer vacation will soon be here, I am ^v^iting now, to ask 
you whether or not you will be able to accept cousin Grace's invitation 
to spend a month or so with her after school closes. Of course you are 
busy preparing for you college examinations, but as mother has written 
you the details of the trip, and since she has already consented to our 
going in July rather than August, I feel that the matter is up to you. 
Grace has already made arrangements to occupy the same cottage on 
y Lake Monomonack that she had last summer, and to entertain a num- 
ber of younger people at different times. I am sure that we will enjoy 
ourselves and I hope that you will be as interested in going as I. There 
is not much choice as to the route that we take when we go because the 
railway through Springfield and Gardner, Massachusetts, has been 
disconnected. I think that the best plan would be to meet at Boston, 
so that you will not have to make an unnecessary trip to New York. 

Please answer as soon as you can, for I would like to let Grace know 
of our plans. 

Your loving sister, 
Gertrude 
[43] 

7.68 

Dear Walter, 

It used to be very much of a pleasure to wTite to you, but since you 
have been taking that English course, and have learned just how, 
where, when, and why to WTite letters somehow I am afraid to, for I 
picture you as reading them with somewhat of the air that an English 
lord might look at a painting. So please let your literary monocle 
dangle at the end of its silken cord, and just be you, without any 
college frills or fancies. 

Margaret and I were shopping yesterday. She made a solemn vow 
that she would not go out with me again because I tempted her to 
spend money. Such slander! I never tempted anybody to do any- 
thing; not even so small a thing as to "cut' a period at college. Did I.' 

Already the stores are getting out the left-overs from last Christmas 
and putting them on bargin tables. Such a mess of women (and a lot 
of women around a bargin table are messy) buying lorgnette chains 
tacked on tissue paper! I think it is wicked to display them, for just 
imagine the number of polite lies that will be told concerning them ! 
"It is just what I wanted" when the truth is "The old brass thing, what 
did she send me that for?" 

[112] 



MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL LETTERS 

I was hunting favors for my luncheon on Saturday. I would invite 
you, only I am afraid the three old maids would swoop down on you 
like hawks after a young chicken, so for your sake you are only invited 
to come in the evening to eat the last of the sandwiches and salad and 
drink the warmed up coffee. 

Your friend, 

Lillian. 
[41] 

7.81 

My darling Barbara, — 

Last week I was just a commonplace person living in a commonplace 
world, now I am a spirit dwelling in a land of miracles and mystery. 
Why? I've seen The Bluebird— only it ought to be The Blue Bu-d! 
Just think, child, three hours in the theatre can make you know all the 
wonders, all the beautiful secrets of the universe! So I want you to 
see the play when it comes to Richmond sometime this winter. 

It is the story of two blessed children who set off one night with 
Dog, Cat, Bread, Sugar, Fire, and Water to find the Blue Bird of 
happiness. And what wonderful adventures they have ! The Land of 
^ the Past, the Land of the Futiu-e, and all the other Lands that we've 
heard of always, we see, and some are terrible and some are tender 
y but all are the most marvellously beautiful. The resurrection morn- 
ing in the cemetery, the poor old grannies awakened to happiness by 
lovmg thoughts, the unborn little souls, and Dog, dear Dog— I shall 
never forget them, never! Nor shall I ever forget the scratchy Cat 
sneakmg around or funny old Bread or Sugar breaking off his candy 
fingers for the children or the miserable little Cold in the Head. 

And in the end where do you suppose they found the Blue Bird of 
Happmess.? Right where our heads always know but our hearts refuse 
to blieve it is— at home! And I am looking for it myself— now! 

Go to see the play, Bobs, and WTite me how you feel. 

Yours lovingly 
. . Bess 



113 



CHAPTER SIX 

A Scale for the Measurement of the Quality of 
Simple Narration 

PURPOSE 

THE object of this study was to make a scale for the 
measurement of simple narration of one type. This 
object has been attained by (1) collecting and judging 
compositions written by over eight thousand pupils in 
fifty-four representative school systems distributed over 
the United States, all pupils writing on the same subject; 
(2) by selecting forty representative samples from the 
eight thousand; (3) by having these forty samples ranked 
in their order of merit and evaluated on the Thorndike 
Extension of the Hillegas Scale by 175 competent judges; 
(4) by mathematically computing the position of each sam- 
ple with reference to every other sample; (5) and finally 
by selecting from the group of forty samples seventeen 
representative samples that vary in quality by approxi- 
mately equal steps, ranging from very poor to very good. 

collecting and judging the samples 

In making a scale for the measurement of the quality 
of simple narration, it was thought best to secure composi- 
tions written under as nearly uniform and standard condi- 
tions as possible. The method adopted in many school 
surveys was considered typical. Pupils in Grades 4 to 12 
were asked to write an account of one of the most interest- 
ing experiences they had ever had. The subject was not 
announced prior to the period of writing, and no advance 
preparation was made by any of the pupils. They were 
not allowed to rewrite or make revisions except as they 
were made in the period assigned for the work. A mini- 
mum of twenty minutes was allowed, and the compositions 

[114] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 



were collected at the end of thirty minutes. It is possible 
by this method to test a pupil's ability to write his experi- 
ences. By observing these conditions, compositions writ- 
ten at the end of several days' training on a subject were 
not compared with compositions written in the class period 
without previous preparation. Compositions were secured 
from 8654 pupils in fifty-four school systems located 
in thirty -five states. The fifty-four school systems were: 



Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Atlanta, Ga. 
Atlantic City, N.J. 
Aurora, 111. 
Austin, Texas 
Baltimore, Md. 
Bennington, Vt. 
Berkeley, Cal. 
Birmingham, Ala. 
Canton, Ohio 
Carson City, Nev. 
Carthage, Mo. 
Chester, Pa. 
Crawfordsville, Ind. 
Duluth, Minn. 
East Denver, Col. 
Eau Claire, Wis. 
Elizabeth, N.J. 



El Paso, Texas 
Fargo, N. Dakota 
Fort Scott, Kan. 
Fort Smith, Ark. 
Gardner, Mass. 
Gloversville, N.H. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 
Greenwood, Ind. 
Jacksonville, Fla. 
Kearney, N.J. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Madison, Wis. 
Manchester, N.H. 
Memphis, Tenn. 
Michigan City, Ind. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 
Muskegon, Mich. 
Newark, N.J. 



New Britain, Conn. 
New Orleans, La. 
Newport, R.I. 
Norfolk, Va. 
Oklahoma City, Okla. 
Omaha, Nebr. 
Phoenix, Ariz. 
Providence, R.I. 
St. Paul, Minn. 
Salem, Mass. 
Seattle, Wash. 
South Manchester, Conn. 
Springfield, Mass. 
Syracuse, N.Y. 
Washington, D.C. 
Water ville. Me. 
West Waterloo, la. 
Youngstown, Ohio 



SELECTING TYPICAL SAMPLES 

From the 8654 compositions, thirty-eight were selected 
as typical of the group. Three competent judges made 
the selection. No composition was found that seemed 
to possess zero merit. Therefore, a sample was borrowed 
from Trabue's Nassau County Supplement. In order to 
compare the results of this investigation with those of 
Trabue's and Thorndike's, sample marked 9 on the Trabue 
Scale was included. The forty compositions were then 
submitted to the judges, with the following instructions: 

1. Rank the forty (40) compositions in their order of 
merit, giving the best composition rank No. 1, the 
next best rank No. 2, and so on down to the poorest, 

fll5l . 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

which should receive rank No. 40. Do not give any 
two compositions the same rank. Use the score 
sheet below for your final statement. 
2. Familiarize yourself with the Thorndike Extension of 
the Hillegas Scale or the Trabue Nassau County 
Supplement to the Hillegas Scale. Determine as 
accurately as possible the position of each of the 
forty (40) compositions on this scale. You may 
assign values intermediate to those given on the 
scale. For example, 05 to one, 10 to another, 43 to 
another, etc., even though there are no samples in 
the scale at these points. 

The forty compositions were identified by the initials 
of the writer and by numbers. They were mimeographed 
with all errors, in order to retain the characteristics of the 
original. Obviously, such characteristics as handwriting, 
neatness, and spacing were eliminated. 

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES 

Table 25 gives the ranks assigned by 175 judges to each 
of the forty samples. From this table the three succeeding 
tables are derived as described in previous chapters. The 
results are summarized in Table 29. Column (1) in Table 
29 refers to the different compositions; column (2) to the 
percentage of times one composition is judged better than 
another; column (3) and column (4) refer to the amount 
that one composition is better or worse than another in 
terms of P.E.; column (5) gives the median value on the 
Hillegas Scale; and column (6) the equivalent values. 

SELECTING SAMPLES FOR THE SCALE 

The forty samples, arranged in their order of value from 
very poor to very good, constitute a scale for the measure- 
ment of the general merit of simple narration of this type. 
The poorest sample. No. 40, has an equivalent value on 
the Hillegas Scale of .36. From Table 29 it is possible to 

[116] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

make a scale of any desired number of samples up to 40. 
The original Hillegas Scale contained ten samples arranged 
in ten steps. Thorndike's Extension of the Hillegas Scale 
contains twenty-nine samples arranged in fifteen steps. 
After carefully weighing various possibilities, a scale of 
seventeen samples arranged in fifteen steps was decided 
upon. The code number of the samples, the equivalent 
value on the Hillegas Scale, and the length of the interval 
between samples are as follows : 



SAMPLE 

NUMBER 

40 


EQUIVALENT 
VALUE 
36 


LENGTH OF 
INTERVAL 


QQ 


2.12 


1.76 


S8 


.2.39 


27 


34 


. . .3.14 


75 


qa ^^A cvri 


3.29 


15 


^2 


3.83 


54 


24 


4.83 


1.00 


25 


.4.87 


1.04 


21 


..5.29 


42 


18 


5.56 


27 


10 


6.10 


54 


7 


6.70 


60 


9 


.6.71 


61 


4 


.7.30 


59 


R 


7.78 


48 


3 


8.78 


1.00 


2 


9.43 


65 



If a scale composed of fewer steps and samples is desired, 
the following selection is suggested with the approximate 
interval of 1.00 P.E.: 



SAMPLE 

NUMBER 

40 


EQUIVALENT 
VALUE 
36 


LENGTH OF 
INTERVAL 


39 


2.12 


1.76 


34 and 35 


3.14 


1.02 


23 


4.03 


89 


20 


5.10 


1.07 


10 


6.10 


1.00 


5 and 8 


.7.23 and 7.25. . . 


1.13 


6 


..7.78 


55 


3 


8.78 


1.00 


2 


9.45 


67 






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ggJSSS 


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coo<©< >-< so 


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CO '*' ^ coco 


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rHO* coos «» 


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00 "5 CO 00 o 


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COO>t> IC CO 


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«oco — no » 


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CO t- CS-«fi 00 


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122 



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123 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

THE FORTY NARRATIVE COMPOSITIONS IN THEIR ORDER 
OF MERIT FROM THE POOREST TO THE BEST 

.36 

[Ru. Do.] What I should like to do next Saturday 

I went going on to the Dox Saturdaye dnd day we the boys and I 
well going home and I well going the boys, and I will going these read 
in and they to night, and we or night. I well going a ground shalt 
and I gone out I well going a ground shalt and I gone out I will going 
to shea ehouse and I will shoe or the skill of the shea of night. 

2.12 

[E. H.] A Fire Drill 

Once upon a time when I was rideing on the Mississippi river one 
morning as we were dressing when the negers had a fire drill and the 
gong sounded and we thought it was a real fire and that was one of 
the exiciting times of my life. 

2.39 

[A. S. 5] An Accident 

One day when i was a baby i was on a Brick pile and i was swinging 
on a awning and i fell and cut my head open. They called the and 
he sewed it up and after that i stayed of the brick pile. 

2.83 

[E. 5. B. C] A Fire 

One day when I and some of my friends were going to the woods, 
we herd a fire whistle, we looked to see were it was. 

I was but about three blocks away from where we was, we run to it 
I was ad a blaze, and burning rapidly, all that was in the house burent, 
but just one or two things. 

The fire men throed water on it but it did not do much good, It 
burnt all most to the ground. 

3.06 

[H. S. E.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 

that I Ever had 

As I have not been slept in an American bed in Japan, I did not 
know how to slepp when I arrived Seattle. 

I looked at a bed with a feell of curiousety in my mined I found two 
pillows on the bed. 

I didn't think to get in the bed but instead of that, I got on the bed 
and I had slept a night, without putting on any mattrus, so I took cold. 

The next day I went to the Japanese minister to tell about it he 
laughted at me and explained about the bed. I understood then the 
difference is that we have pillows in the bed but here you have put 
pillows on the bed. 

[124] 



TABLE 29 

The Differences, in terms of D/M.D., between Each Narrative 
Composition and Composition No. 40 (Ru. Do.); and the 
Median and True Values on the Hillegas Scale 



CT.U^.— o.o S.JU.= 1.96 

1 P.E. (Lewis) = .551 P.E. (Hillegas) 
125 



TABLE 26 
The Number op Times Each Composition was Considered "Better" in Quality than the Other Thirty-nine 

Read the table left to right as follows: Composition 40 was considered to be "better" than composition 39 by 2.5 of the 175 judges.* 



172.5 
175 
175 
175 

35 174 
34 175 

175 
175 
175 

175 

174.5 

173 

175 

174 



39 



141.5 

165 

163.5 

174 

170 

163 

170.5 

158.5 

173 

170 

153 



38 



175 173.5 

175 174 

175 173 

175 162.5 

175 174 



175 
174 
175 
175 
175 

175 
175 
175 
175 
175 

175 
175 
175 
175 
175 

5 175 
4 175 
3 175 

175 
175 



174 

173.5 

175 

175 

175 

174 
175 
174 
175 
174 

174 
175 
175 
174 
175 

174 
175 
175 
175 
175 



156 
124.5 

153 
149 
170 
166 
154.5 

163.5 

156 

170 

164 

132 

169 

170.5 

172 

152.5 

171 

171 
170 
175 
174 
173 

174.5 

175 

175 

174 

175 

175 
175 
175 
174 
175 

175 
175 
175 
175 
175 



37 



13 
19 

4L5 

76 

77 

120.5 
12 

94.5 

102.5 

94 
136 
139.5 

63.5 

137.5 
141.5 
129 
86 
161.5 

143 

135.5 

160.5 

170 

174 

157.5 
170.5 
169.5 
169.5 
171 

163 

173 

175 

169.5 

175 

173 

174.5 

174 

175 

175 



36 



34.5 
50.5 
133.5 



141 

137 

157.5 

1.59.5 

142.5 

151.5 

139.5 

168 

159 

106.5 

166 

168 

163 

1.33.5 

169 

109 

166.5 

172 

175 

175 

173 

174.5 

175 

175 

175 

173 
175 
175 
172 
175 

175 
174 
175 



35 



85.5 
134 
131 
108 

118.5 
102.5 
142.5 
139.5 
71 

145.5 

155.5 

140.5 

100 

156 

152 

147 

167 

172.5 

173 

164.5 

172 

175 

172.5 

170 

172 
175 
175 
172 
175 

174 
174 
175 



34 



11.5 
26 



132.5 

128 

115 

104.5 
104 
147 
134.5 
79.5 

151 
151 
129.5 
90 
158 

154.5 

146.5 

171 

174 

171 

160.5 

172 

174 

173 

175 

172 
175 
174 
172 
174 

175 
175 
175 
175 
175 



33 



1 

5 
54.5 
17.5 

4.1 
42.5 



97 
67.5 

72 

65 
118 
110.5 

45.5 

123.5 
123.5 
103 
61 
140.5 

137.5 

123 

161.5 

173 

171.5 

150 

.5 
170 
172.5 
172 

167 
171 
174 
169 
174 

173 

173.5 

175 

173.5 

175 



32 



67.5 
58 

111.5 
13.5 
44 

119.5 
126 
101.5 
59.5 
140.5 

128.5 

122 

163 

169.5 

172 

147 

169 

172.5 

168 

172 

168.5 

172 

173.5 

168.5 

173 

172.5 

172.5 

175 

175 

174 



31 



12 
20.5 
80.5 
32.5 

67 

60 
107.5 
106.5 



94.5 
82.5 
117.5 
119.5 
61.5 

124.5 
122.5 
111 
78 
141.5 

134 

125.5 

151.5 

168 

167.5 

144 
168 



30 



4.5 
11.5 
72.5 
23.5 

56.6 
70.5 

103 

107.5 
80.5 



88.5 
126.5 
124.5 

52 

131 
136.5 
114 
71 
148.5 

141.5 

131 

161 

168 

171 

152 
169 
171 



.5 
16.5 



35.5 

72.5 

71 
110 
117 

92.5 

86.5 



124 
1.34 
63 

137.5 
130.5 
120 
81 
149.5 

142 
138 
156.5 



158.5 

170 

170.5 



2 

5 

39 

7 

32.5 

28 

57 

63.5 

57.5 

48.5 
61 



33.5 

92.5 

105 
73.5 
86.5 

125.5 

119.5 
97 
155.5 
161.5 
169 

139 

167.5 

166.5 

166.5 

165 

160.5 

170 

173 

165.5 

174 

171 
171 

174 
174 
175 



5 
11 
35.5 



35.5 
40.5 
64.5 
61.5 
53.5 

50.5 
41 



97 
94.5 
78.5 
44 
116.5 

109.5 
92.5 
141.5 
153.5 



1 

22 
43 

111.5 
68.5 

104 
95.5 
129.5 
131 
113.5 

123 
112 
141.5 
146 



149.5 

148 

132.5 

104 

161.5 

157.5 

151.5 

166 

166 

170 

164.5 

168 

170.5 



73.5 
39.5 
119.5 



152 

116.4 

173 

158.5 

172 



170.5 
174 
175 
175 



1 

4.5 
33.5 

7 

19.5 

24 

51.5 

49 

52.5 

38.5 
44.5 
70 
80.5 

27 

95 



33 
114 

100 
97.5 
139.5 
154.5 
159.5 

124 

161.5 

168.5 

163 

164.5 

158.5 

167.5 

173 

162.5 

173 

172 
172 
174 
174 
175 



2 

3 
46 
12 

34.5 

46.5 

72 

73.5 

64 

61 
55 

101.5 
96.5 
42.5 

101.5 
107 



114 
151 
164 
167 

141 

164 

172 

164.5 

163 

164.5 

169 

171 

169 

174 

170 

174.5 

174 

174 

175 



13.5 
22.5 
89 
41.5 

75 

85 
114 
115.5 

97 

104 

94 

128.5 
131 

71 

135.5 

142 

134.5 



155.5 

144 

134.5 

164 

168 

167.5 

164 

168.5 

172 

167 

169.5 

170 

167 

171 

171.5 

175 

173 
174 
175 
175 
175 



1 
4 

13.5 
6 

19 

17 

34.5 

34.5 

33.5 

26.5 
25.5 
49.5 
58.5 
13.5 

53.5 
61 
37 
18.5 



68.5 
56.5 
118 
138.5 
150.5 

91.5 
147.5 
146 
141.5 
151 

137.5 

156.5 

167 

147.5 

169.5 

163 

161.5 

172.5 

172.5 

17- 



20.5 
37.5 
46.5 
41 

33.5 

33 

55.5 

65.5 

17.5 

72 
75 
47 
31 
106.5 



70.1 
132.5 
151 
158.5 

109 

150.5 

161 

155.5 

158.5 

152.5 

163 

172 

154.5 

171 

165 
173 
173 
175 
174 



19 



1 

1.5 
5 
39.5 
8.5 

28 

28.5 

52 

53 

49.5 

44 

37 

78 

82.5 

23.5 

86 
77.5 
61 
40.5 
118.5 

104.5 



142 
161 
162 

123 

160.5 

167 

160.5 

163.5 

159 

167 

172.5 

159. 

171 

171 
172 
173 
175 
174 



120 
133 

67.5 
132.5 
143.5 
133.5 
143 

118.5 
150.5 
166.5 
142.5 
170.5 

162 

168.5 

174 

167.5 

167.5 



120 

44 

112.5 
126.5 
100 
131.5 

97 

1.34.5 
163 
129.5 
167 

154 
158 



30.5 
96.5 

105.5 
79 

108.5 

78.5 
107. 
146 
101 
161 

141.5 
142 



52 

107.5 
131 
144.5 



142.5 
154 
140.5 
154 

136 

159.5 

165 

148.5 

172.5 

167 
166. 
175 
171 
170.5 



4.5 
.5 

3 
3 

5.5 
5.5 

7 

6 
5 

7.5 
15 

7 

14 
13.5 
11 
6.5 
27.5 

24.5 
14.5 

42.5 
62.5 
78.5 

32.5 



104.5 
76 
107.5 



31.5 
48.5 
69.5 

21 
70.5 



61 
86.5 



68.5 


53.5 


80 


102.5 


94 


112 


145 


131 


155 


107.5 


90.5 


115.5 


160 


162 


160.5 


138.5 


131 


143.5 


136 


138.5 


150.5 


170 


171 


170.5 


16.3.5 


1.55 


168 


161 


158.5 


168 



34.5 
99 
114 

lis 



3 
6 

4 

4 

10 
10 

2.5 

15 
10.5 
12 
5.5 
24 

16.5 

11.5 

32 

43.5 

66.5 



12 

2 

3 
3 
8 

6.5 
12 

10 
4 

14.5 
20 

7 

23 
16.5 
10.5 
5 
37.5 

22.5 

16 

56.5 

78 

96, 



21 39 
67.5 106.5 
88.5 121.5 
57 95 



54.5 
8k5 

140 
94 

156.5 

126 
134 
170 
163 
164 



3 
5 

7 

1 

10.5 
7.5 
6 
8 

18.5 

12 
8 
24.5 
40.5 
67.5 

15.5 
72.5 
81 
63 



120.5 


90.5 




45.5 


129.5 




153.5 


139.5 


113.5 


84 


158 


155 


1.55 


126.5 


1,50.5 


131 


170 


168 


165 


1,58 


160 


155.5 



2 
2 
4 
4 

8 

3 

2.5 
8.5 

12 

24 

10 
30 
44 
20 
35 

21.5 
35.5 

43!5 
123.5 

77.5 

88 
165, 
139 
129 



15 
5 

16.5 
12.5 



3.6 
27.6 

20.5 
15.5 
32.5 
25.5 
74 

26.5 
67.5 
84.5 
59.5 
81 

61.5 
91 
131.5 

149' 



123.5 

131 

170 

157.5 

147.5 



31.5 
49 

20 

48.5 
97.5 
51.5 
130 



90 
164 
146 
123.5 



1.5 
2.5 
4 

1 
1 
4 
2 
2 

4.5 
3 
.6 
1 
1S.6 

2 

3 

6.5 
17 
33 



39 
36.5 
24.5 
41 

24.5 
44 
87 
44 
123 



155.5 

140 

119.5 



5 
4 

4.5 
5 

5 

7 
9.5 



7.5 
4.5 
12 

4 

11.5 

20 

7 

12 

10 
17 

36 
17.5 

72 



11 
19.5 



34.5 
24 



1 

1 

7.6 
7 
8.6 

4.6 
14 
16.5 

7 
11 

15 

19.5 

46 

27.5 



51.5 
56.5 



151 
116 



Cases that were "equal' were distributed, one half to the "better" and one half to the "worse." 



TABLE 27 
Percentage that Each Composition was Considered "Better" in Quality than the Other Thirty-nine 

Read the table from left to right as follows: Composition 40 was considered to be "better" in quality than composition 39 by 1.4 per cent of (he judges, etc. 





40 


39 


38 


37 36 

■7.4 iJ)'.' 


35 

.5 
5.7 


34 

■6.5 


33 


32 


31 

' '6.8 


30 

' '2.5 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 

' '.8 


24 

' .5 


23 


22 


21 


20 

' .5 


19 

.5 

.8 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 


13 


12 


U 


10 

5 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


= 


40 
3«) 


'98..' 


1.4 


.S7 4 


' ' .5 


' "2.8 


.2 
9.4 


' '.i 


' '2.8 


.5 
12.5 


1.1 


' '7.1 


' ' .5 








.5 




.5 




5 






".'5 
.5 
3 1 







^f^ 


100 


62.5 




10.8 28.f 


12.5 


14.8 


2.8 


5.1 


U.V 


6.5 


10.8 


2.8 


6.2 


24.5 


34 


2.5 


1.7 


12.H 


2.2 


.2 


2,8 




.5 


1.1 


.2 






.5 












1.1 


"]2 






.... 


7,7 


100 


92., -i 


89,1 




76.4 


56.2 


55.9 


31.1 


30.5 


45.9 


41.4 


46.2 


22.2 


20.2 


63.7 


21.8 


19.1 


26.2 


50.8 


7.7 


18.2 


22.5 


8.2 


2.8 


.5 


99 


2.5 


3.1 


3.1 


2.2 


6.8 


1 1 






' '.'5 






36 


100 


80.2 


71.1 


2.3.7 




19.3 


21.6 


9.9 


8.8 


18.5 


13 4 


20.2 


3.9 


y.i 


39.0 


5.1 


3.9 


6.8 


23.7 


3.4 


3.4 


4.7 


1.7 






1.1 


.2 








1.1 






1.7 






.5 




.... 


35 


99.4 


94,2 


87.4 


43.7 


80.5 




51.1 


23.3 


25.1 


38.1 


32.2 


41.4 


18.5 


20.2 


59.4 


16.8 


11.1 


19.7 


42.8 


10.8 


13.1 


15.9 


4.5 


1.4 


1.1 


59 


1 7 




1.4 


2.8 


1.7 






- 




.5 


.5 








34 


100 


9.S.4 


8.-5.1 


43.9 


78.2 


48.8 




24.2 


26.7 


34.2 


40.2 


40.5 


15.9 


23. 1 


54.5 


1.S.6 


1.3.6 


26.5 


49.5 


9.7 


11.7 


16.2 


2.2 


.5 


2.2 


8.2 


1.7 


,5 


1,1 




1.7 
















33 


100 


99.4 


97.1 


68.8 


89.9 


76.5 


75.7 




44.5 


61.4 


58.8 


63.1 


32. 1 


36.7 


73.9 


29,3 


29.3 


41.1 


65.1 


19.7 


21.3 


29.6 


7.7 


1.1 


1.9 


14,2 


.3.1 


2,8 


1 4 


1.7 


4.5 


2.2 


5 


3 4 


5 


1.1 


.8 




.8 




32 


100 


97.1 


94.8 


69.4 


91.1 


74.8 


7.3.1 


55.3 




60.8 


61.4 


66.8 


3J.2 


35.0 


74.8 


31.6 


27.9 


42.0 


65.7 


19.7 


26.5 


30.2 


6.8 


,S.l 


1.7 


1.5.9 


3.1 


1.4 


.3.9 


1 7 


3.7 


1.7 


.8 


3.7 






■ ■■; 


31 


100 


93.1 


88.2 


53.9 


81.4 


61.7 


65.7 


38.4 


39.0 




45.9 


52.8 


32.7 


31.6 


64.8 


28.8 


29.9 


36.7 


55.3 


19.1 


23.3 


28.2 


1.3.4 


3.9 


3.1 


17.6 


3.9 


3.9 


3.4 


3.4 


6.8 


1.7 


1.1 


6.8 


1.7 


1.1 


2.2 


1.7 






30 


100 


97.4 


9.-5.4 


68.5 


86.2 


67.6 


59.7 


41.1 


38.4 


53.9 




49.4 


27.6 


28.8 


70.2 


25.1 


21.9 


34.7 


59.4 


15.0 


19.1 


25.1 


7.9 


3.9 


2.2 


13.1 


.3.4 


2.2 


3.4 


2.2 


5.7 


1.1 


1 1 


3.4 


.5 


3 1 


5 


5 


5 




29 


99.7 


90..5 


89.1 


53.6 


79.7 


.58.5 


59.4 


37.4 


33.0 


47.1 


50.3 




29.0 


23.3 


63.9 


21.,'i 


25.4 


31.3 


53.6 


14.5 


18.8 


21.0 


10.5 


3.9 


2.8 


9.4 


2.8 


2.5 


3.4 


2.2 


2.2 


1.7 


.5 


39 




.6 


.6 








28 


100 


98.8 


97.7 


77.7 


95.9 


89.4 


83.9 


67.3 


63.7 


67.1 


72.2 


71.1 




49.1 


80.8 


47.1 


39.9 


57.9 


73.4 


28.2 


31.6 


44.5 


11.1 


7.7 


,3.4 


20.5 


4.2 


4.7 


4.7 


5,7 


8.2 


28 


1.1 


5.4 


.5 


2.2 


2.2 


5 


5 




27 


100 


97.1 


93.7 


79.7 


90.8 


79.7 


76.8 


63.1 


64.8 


68.2 


71.4 


76.5 


50.8 




83.4 


44.5 


45.9 


55.1 


74.8 


33.0 


37.4 


47.1 


19.1 


12.2 


5.1 


26.7 


8.5 


6.2 


6.8 


5,7 


11.4 


3,9 


1.7 


8 5 


.5 


2.8 


1.1 








26 


99.4 


87.4 


76.4 


36.2 


60.8 


40.5 


25.9 


25.1 


35.0 


29.6 


35.9 


19.1 


19.1 


16.5 




14.5 


15.3 


24.2 


40.5 


7.7 


9.9 


13.4 


5.1 


5.1 


2.8 


5.9 


3.9 


2.5 


3.4 


1,4 


3.9 


.5 




2.8 






1.1 








25 


100 


99.1 


96.5 


78.5 


94.8 


83.1 


86.2 


70.5 


68.2 


71.4 


74.8 


78.5 


52.8 


55.3 


85.4 




54.2 


57.9 


77.4 


31.6 


41.1 


49.1 


19.3 


11.9 


11.1 


30.0 


7.9 


6.2 


10.2 


8,5 


1.S.1 


5.9 


1.1 


9,4 


1,7 


34 


2.6 


.6 






24 


100 


99.4 


97.4 


80.8 


95.9 


88.8 


86.2 


70.5 


71.9 


69.9 


78.0 


74.5 


60.0 


53.9 


84.5 


45.7 




61.0 


81.1 


34.7 


42.8 


44.2 


20.2 


11.7 


8.8 


29.0 


7.7 


3.7 


6.8 


5,9 


9.4 


4.2 


2.1 


7.1 


1,1 


1,7 


1.7 


.5 


.5 




23 


100 


98.8 


98.2 


73.7 


93.1 


80.2 


73.9 


58 8 


57.9 


63.4 


65.1 


68.5 


42.0 


44.8 


75.7 


42.0 


38.7 




76.8 


21.0 


26.7 


34.7 


13.6 


6.2 


4.5 


19.3 


6.2 


1.7 


5.9 


6,8 


5.9 


3.4 


2.2 


3,4 


.5 


28 


,2 


.5 


.5 




22 


100 


92.8 


87.1 


49.1 


76.2 


.57.1 


51.4 


34.7 


33.9 


44.5 


40.5 


46.2 


26.5 


25.1 


59.4 


22.5 


18.8 


23.1 




10.5 


17.6 


23.1 


6.1 


3.9 


4.2 


6.2 


3.7 


1.7 


4.5 


3,1 


2.8 


4.5 


2.2 


1.9 




1,1 


.5 








21 


100 


99.4 


97.7 


92.2 


96.5 


89.1 


90.2 


80.2 


80.2 


80.8 


84.7 


85.4 


71.7 


66.5 


92.2 


68.2 


65.1 


78.8 


89.4 




60.8 


67.6 


32.4 


20.8 


13.9 


47.7 


15.6 


16.5 


20.2 


13,6 


21.3 


10.5 


4.5 


15.6 


3.1 


6.8 


7.7 


1.4 


1.4 


1.7 


20 


100 


99.4 


97.7 


81.7 


96.5 


86.8 


88.2 


78.5 


73.4 


76.5 


80.8 


81.4 


68.2 


62.5 


89.9 


58.8 


.57.1 


73.1 


82.2 


39.0 




59.7 


24.2 


13.6 


9.4 


.37.6 


13.9 


7.9 


11.1 


9.4 


12.8 


6.8 


1.7 


11.7 


2.2 


5.7 


1.1 


1.1 




.5 


19 


99.4 


99.1 


97.4 


77.4 


95.1 


83.9 


83.7 


70.2 


69.7 


71.7 


74.8 


78.8 


55.3 


.52.8 


86.5 


50.8 


55.6 


65.1 


76.8 


32.2 


40.2 




18.8 


7.9 


7.4 


29.6 


8.2 


4.5 


8.2 


6.4 


9.1 


4.5 


1.4 


8.8 


2.2 


2.2 


1.7 


1.1 




.6 


18 


100 


100 


100 


91.7 


98.2 


96.4 


97.7 


92.2 


93.1 


86.5 


91.9 


89.4 


88.8 


80.8 


94.8 


80.5 


79.7 


86.2 


9.'?. 9 


67.3 


75.7 


81.1 




31.3 


23.9 


61.4 


24.2 


17.9 


23.7 


18,2 


32.2 


13.9 


4.7 


18.5 


2.5 


7.4 


3.7 


.5 


4.2 


4.2 


17 


100 


100 


99.4 


97.1 


100 


98,5 


99.4 


98.8 


96.8 


95.9 


95.9 


95.9 


92.2 


87.7 


94.H 


97.9 


88.2 


93.7 


95.9 


79.1 


86.2 


91.9 


68.5 




31.3 


74.8 


35.6 


27.6 


42.8 


21.8 


44.5 


23.1 


6.8 


14.5 


4.5 


11.9 


9.7 


3.4 


2.5 


3.9 


16 


100 


100 


98.8 


99.4 


100 


98.8 


97.7 


97.9 


98.2 


96.8 


97.7 


97.1 


96.5 


94.8 


97.1 


89.1 


91.1 


95.4 


95.7 


85.9 


90.5 


92.5 


75.9 


68.5 




82.5 


44.8 


39.6 


54.8 


37,9 


55.1 


38.4 


16.5 


42.2 


7.9 


19.1 


18.8 


3.4 


6.8 


4.7 


15 


100 


99.4 


99.7 


98.9 


98.8 


93.9 


91.7 


85.7 


83.9 


82.2 


86.8 


90,5 


79.4 


7.3.1 


93.9 


66.8 


71.1 


80.5 


93.7 


,52.2 


62.2 


70.2 


38.4 


2.5.1 


17.4 


.... 


18.5 


11.9 


19.7 


12,2 


22.2 


8.8 


5.7 


15.0 


1.4 


4.5 


4.7 




2.2 


2.5 


14 


100 


100 


100 


97.4 


99.7 


98.2 


98.2 


96.8 


96.5 


95.9 


96.5 


97.1 


95.7 


91.4 


95.9 


91.9 


92.2 


93.7 


96.2 


84.2 


85.9 


91.7 


75.7 


64.2 


55.1 


81.4 




40.2 


56.5 


38,4 


60.8 


41.4 


17.1 


38.4 


8.5 


20.8 


22.2 


2.8 


6.5 


7.9 


13 


100 


99.4 


100 


96.8 


100 


100 


99.4 


97.1 


98.5 


95.9 


97.7 


97.4 


95.1 


93.7 


97.4 


93.7 


96.2 


98.2 


98.2 


83.4 


91.9 


95.4 


81.9 


72.2 


60.3 


87.9 


59.7 




65.1 


50.3 


69.4 


46.2 


25.1 


48.2 


7.4 


25. 1 


20.8 


2.2 


11.4 


9.4 


12 


100 


100 


99.4 


96.8 


100 


98.5 


98.8 


98.5 


95.9 


96.5 


96.5 


96,5 


95.1 


93.1 


96,5 


9S.7 


93.1 


93.9 


95.4 


80.8 


88.8 


91.7 


76.2 


57.1 


45.1 


80.2 


43.4 


34.7 




32.4 


54.2 


35.9 


11.4 


33.9 


8.2 


17.9 


13.9 


2.5 


3.9 


3.9 


11 


100 


99.4 


100 


97.7 


100 


100 


100 


98.2 


98.2 


96.5 


97.7 


97.7 


94.2 


94.2 


98.5 


81.4 


93.7 


93.1 


96.8 


96.2 


90.5 


93.4 


91.7 


75.1 


69.9 


87.9 


61.4 


49.4 


67.3 


.... 


68.8 


51.7 


19.9 


46.2 


10.5 


27.9 


23.3 


2.8 


6.8 


6.2 


10 


100 


99.4 


00 


9.3.1 


98.S 


98,2 


98,2 


95.4 


96.2 


93.1 


94.2 


97,7 


91.4 


88.5 


95.9 


86.8 


90.5 


93.9 


97.1 


78.5 


87.1 


90.8 


67.6 


55.8 


44.8 


77.7 


39.0 


30.5 


45.7 


31.1 




25.9 


12.2 


35.0 


9.7 


11.4 


13.9 


2.8 


5.7 


8.5 


9 


100 


100 


00 


98.8 


100 


100 


100 


97 7 


98 2 


98.2 


98 8 


98 9 


94 1 


95.9 


99 4 


93,9 


95.7 


96,5 


95,4 


89,4 


93,1 


95.4 


85.9 


76.8 


61.4 


91.1 


58.5 


53.6 


63.9 


48,2 


73.9 




20.2 


51.9 


11.4 


27.6 


26.1 


3.9 


9.7 


11.1 


8 


00 


100 


00 


00 


100 


100 


99,4 


99 4 


99 1 


98 8 


98,8 


99 4 


98 8 


98 2 


100 


98.8 


98.8 


97,7 


97,7 


95,4 


98.2 


98.5 


95.1 


93.1 


83.4 


49.2 


82.8 


74.8 


78.5 


79,9 


87.7 


79.7 




75.1 


29.3 


56.6 


49.6 


5.4 


20.5 


26.2 


7 


100 


99.4 


99.4 


96.8 


98,2 


98 9 


98.2 


96.5 


96.2 


93.1 


96.5 


95.9 


94.5 


91.4 


97.1 


90.5 


92,8 


96 5 


97.9 


84 2 


88,2 


91,1 


81.4 


73.9 


57.7 


84.7 


61.4 


51.7 


66.0 


53,6 


64.8 


47.9 


24.8 




14.8 


29.3 


26.1 


2.8 


9.9 


15.6 


6 


100 


100 


00 


100 


100 


100 


99.4 


99.4 


98.8 


98.2 


99.4 


100 


99.4 


99.4 


100 


98.2 


98.2 


99.4 


100 


96.8 


97.7 


97.7 


97.4 


95.4 


91.9 


98.5 


91.1 


92.5 


91.7 


89,4 


90.2 


88.5 


70.5 


85.1 




74.2 


V0.2 


10.8 


41.1 


55.9 


5 


00 


99.4 


00 


98.8 


on 


99 4 


100 


98 8 


98.5 


98 8 


96.8 


99.4 


97 7 


97 1 


100 


96.5 


98.2 


97,1 


98 8 


93.1 


94.2 


97,7 


92.5 


87.9 


80.8 


95.4 


71.1 


74.8 


81.9 


71,9 


88.5 


72.2 


44.2 


70.5 


25.6 




48.5 


6.2 


16.5 


29.8 


4 


00 


00 


00 


99.7 


99.4 


99 4 


100 


99 1 


98 5 


97 7 


99 4 


99.4 


97 7 


98 8 


98 8 


97.4 


98.2 


99,7 


99 4 


92.2 


98.8 


98,2 


96.2 


90.2 


81.1 


95.1 


77.7 


71.1 


85.9 


70,5 


85.7 


74.6 


50.2 


74.8 


29.6 


6i.4 










3 


00 


100 


00 


99.4 


00 


100 


100 


100 


00 


98 2 


99 4 


90 4 


99 4 


99 7 


100 


99.4 


99.4 


99,4 


100 


98.5 


98.8 


98.8 


99.4 


96.5 


96.5 


100 


97.1 


97.7 


97.4 


97,1 


97.1 


95.9 


94.5 


9V.1 


89.1 


93.7 


79.9 
68.2 






86.2 
66.7 


2 


00 


.)0 


00 


00 


00 


100 


100 


99.1 


100 


100 


99.4 


100 


99.4 


100 


100 


100 


99.4 


99 4 


100 


98,5 


100 


100 


95.7 


97.4 


93.1 


97.7 


93.4 


88.5 


95.9 


93.1 


94.2 


90.2 


79.4 


89.9 


58.8 






34!2 




00 


100 


00 


00 


100 


100 


100 


100 


99.4 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


100 


98.2 


99.7 


99.4 


95.7 


95.9 


95.1 


97.4 


91.9 


90.5 


96.9 


93.7 


91.4 


88.8 


73.7 


84.2 








■ ■*■ 



TABLE 28 

The Differences between the Compositions Expressed in Multiples of the Median Deviation on Terms of P.E. 

(Multiplied by 100) 

Read the table left to right: Sample No. 40 is 329 P.E. distance from sample No. 39, etc. 





40 


39 

329 


38 


37 


36 


35 


34 


33 


32 


31 


30 


29 


28 


27 


26 


25 


24 


23 


22 


21 


20 


19 


18 


17 


16 


15 


14 


13 


12 


11 


10 


9 


8 


7 


6 


5 


4 


3 


2 


1 


40 






39 


4' 


r 2K 

18f 


127 

83 


235 
171 


225 
155 


284 
74 
191 

109 
104 


284 

243 

76 

201 

100 
99 
21 


221 
176 
15 
133 

45 
60 


292 
225 
32 
164 

68 
37 


195 

183 

14 

124 

32 
36 


341 
284 
113 
262 

133 
148 
67 
52 
66 

88 

82 


284 
229 
124 
198 

124 
110 
50 
57 
71 

83 
109 

4 


171 
103 

41 


271 
118 
243 

142 
163 
81 
71 
83 

100 
118 
11 
21 
157 


29i 
130 
262 

181 
163 
81 
87 

78 

115 

98 
38 
15 
152 


341 
317 
94 
221 

127 
93 
34 
30 
50 

58 
73 

104 


218 
168 

107 

27 
6 

36 












































38 


300 
211 
271 

183 
193 
127 
127 
130 

154 
157 
85 
65 
211 

71 
58 
120 
185 


300 
135 
271 

166 
176 
118 
93 
109 

130 
131 
71 
47 
191 

34 

27 
92 
138 


284 
112 

249 

148 
146 
80 

77 
85 

100 
120 
21 
11 
164 

4 
21 
58 
110 


206 
317 

252 
300 
211 
221 
164 

209 
185 
181 
130 
243 

129 
124 
163 
230 
67 

104 
131 


284 

329 

341 

277 
262 

262 
262 
211 
173 
243 

175 
176 
229 
262 
121 

163 

209 

73 


341 

341 

300 
309 
317 

277 

300 

284 
271 
243 
284 

181 
201 
252 
257 
161 

195 

215 

106 

73 
































37 


191 
341 

232 
206 
159 
148 
138 

166 
195 
123 
92 
232 

65 
82 
129 
229 

8 

47 
80 


292 

317 
317 

277 
277 
262 

271 
284 
257 
203 
262 

209 
211 
229 
266 
150 

161 
206 
104 
55 
20 

133 


277 

284 
329 
262 

300 
292 
249 
229 
292 

229 
266 
317 
317 
144 

209 

252 

137 

88 

38 

175 
37 


277 

329 
341 
329 

262 
271 

271 
271 
249 
221 
271 

188 
221 
232 
252 
124 

181 
206 
107 

27 

127 


300 

284 

317 
317 
271 

300 
300 
235 
236 
329 

203 
232 
221 

277 
163 

195 
225 
135 
101 
45 

173 
43 


221 
341 

317 
317 
252 
266 
221 

235 
300 
206 
179 
262 

166 
195 

232 
284 
118 

168 
198 
68 
21 

113 


341 

300 
317 
317 

341 
317 
284 
262 

232 
257 
271 
252 
185 

221 
252 
161 
110 
43 

201 
32 
14 
53 

96 


341 

341 

341 
317 

341 
341 
300 
300 
252 

317 
329 
249 
221 
144 

235 
141 
100 
179 
126 

173 
124 


277 
317 

317 
317 
329 
266 
221 

271 
262 
239 
203 
284 

195 
218 
271 
309 
150 

176 
201 
133 
157 
29 

154 
43 
6 
61 

14 

57 




341 










36 

35 
34 








107 

'2: 
'2i 




129 


116 




33 


34 i 
317 

317 
341 

277 

300 
300 
292 
252 
211 

329 
203 
215 
206 
185 

193 
179 
81 
155 


341 
329 
341 

277 

300 

284 

329 
218 
284 
341 
221 

235 
300 
215 
175 
130 

252 
121 
100 
137 
87 

179 

88 

81 


329 
300 

300 
341 
341 

292 
218 

211 

341 
317 
266 
193 
131 

249 
113 
121 
161 
109 

161 

100 

2 

100 


317 

329 

341 
341 

271 
171 

284 
300 
292 
284 

284 
262 
239 
284 
183 

229 
181 

127 
163 


329 

257 
292 
221 

300 
225 
179 
262 
221 

235 
193 
123 
191 
34 

144 

126 

60 




32 




















31 
















43 

34 
47 


41 

43 
65 


li 


15 


2 




30 


















29 


















28 


















27 






























26 

25 








52 




66 


17 


96 


100 


57 


80 


53 


130 


144 






24 
































16 
30 
112 


42 
131 


no 






23 


























30 
93 


20 
100 






22 
21 








■i 








58 


61 


21 


36 


14 


317 


20 








































41 
68 


37 






19 










































18 








































257 


17 
















































262 


16 


















































249 


15 














































43 


100 


139 




292 


14 














































209 


13 
























































195 


12 


















































19 




24 


58 
2 

76 


16 


67 

74 
6 




262 


11 


















































229 


10 


















































20 




41 


20s 


9 


















































181 


8 




























































94 


7 
































































7 


101 




I5U 


6 


































































5 


































































21 




97 
80 

'22 




6 


81 


4 
3 
2 
1 


































































71 






1 


















































1 















TABLE 29 

The Differences, in terms of D/M.D., between Each Narrative 
Composition and Composition No. 40 (Ru. Do.); and the 
Median and True Values on the Hillegas Scale 



(1) 


(2) 


(3) 


(4) 


(5) 


(6) 


relation 


percentage 


AMOUNT 


AMOUNT 


MEDIAN 


"true" 


OF 


"better" 


"poorer" 


BETTER 


VALUE ON 


VALUE ON 








THAN 


HILLEGAS 


HILLEGAS 








NO. 40 


SCALE 


SCALE 


40 






40 


40 


.36 


40 to 39 


1.1 


3.41 


39 is 3.41 


39 is 1.84 


2.12 


39 38 


36.5 


.51 


38 3.92 


2.02 


2.39 


38 36 


27.9 


.87 


36 4.79 


2.48 


2.83 


36 26 


38.2 


.44 


26 5.23 


2.95 


3.06 


26 34 


45.9 


.15 


34 5.38 


3.02 


3.14 


34 35 


49.9 


.00 


35 5.38 


3.08 


3.14 


35 22 


42.2 


.29 


22 5.67 


3.20 


3.29 


22 37 


49.9 


.00 


37 5.67 


3.27 


3.29 


37 29 


44.4 


.21 


29 5.88 


3.22 


3.40 


29 31 


48.2 


.06 


31 5.94 


3.33 


3.43 


31 30 


45.0 


.19 


30 6.13 


3.51 


3.52 


30 33 


41.7 


.31 


33 6.44 


3.79 


3.68 


33 32 


42.2 


.29 


32 6.73 


3.86 


3.83 


32 23 


39.9 


.38 


23 7.11 


3.93 


4.03 


23 28 


42.9 


.26 


28 7.37 


4.20 


4.16 


18 27 


47.9 


.07 


27 8.44 


4.28 


4.71 


27 24 


43.9 


.22 


24 8.66 


4.54 


4.83 


24 25 


47.6 


.09 


25 8.75 


4.68 


4.87 


25 19 


47.3 


.10 


19 8.85 


4.22 


4.93 


19 20 


41.2 


.33 


20 9.18 


4.83 


5.10 


20 21 


40.0 


.38 


21 9.56 


5.06 


5.29 


21 15 


46.7 


.12 


15 9.68 


5.30 


5.35 


15 18 


39.5 


.40 


18 10.08 


5.70 


5.56 


18 17 


30.2 


.77 


17 10.85 


6.06 


5.96 


17 10 


42.2 


.29 


10 11.14 


6.21 


6.10 


10 12 


47.0 


.11 


12 11.25 


6.46 


6.16 


12 16 


45.9 


.15 


16 11.40 


6.59 


6.24 


16 14 


43.9 


.22 


14 11.62 


6.57 


6.35 


14 13 


38.2 


.44 


13 12.06 


7.01 


6.58 


13 11 


48.4 


.06 


11 12.12 


7.00 


6.61 


11 7 


45.6 


.17 


7 12.29 


7.03 


6.70 


7 9 


49.3 


.01 


9 12.32 


7.02 


6.71 


9 5 


25.1 


1.00 


5 13.32 


7.70 


7.23 


5 8 


48.7 


.05 


8 13.37 


7.74 


7.25 


8 4 


47.3 


.10 


4 13.47 


7.69 


7.30 


4 1 


30.8 


.75 


1 14.22 


8.09 


7.69 


1 6 


45.3 


.18 


6 14.40 


8.25 


7.78 


6 3 


9.7 


1.93 


3 16.33 


8.54 


8.78 


3 2 


18.8 


1.31 


2 17.64 


9.00 


9.45 



S = 366.05 S = 203.25 
Av.= 9.15 Av.= 5.08 
S.D.= 3.8 S.D.= 1.96 
1 P.E. (Lewis) = .551 P.E. (Hillegas) 
125 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

3.14 

[O. G. B.] A Camping trip 

A bunch of school boys and a teacher went camping during sping 
hoHday. 

On our way there we had a few experience which were some of the 
best I had ever saw. First was spreading our blanket in barroom and 
going to bed. We cud not stay there long for The bar tender came 
and kick us out and told us that this was no state room. 

Next was going to sleep in the lift boats. Soon after we were a sleep 
a deck hand cam along a pinch and leg and told us he was going to 
have us arrest at The next town becaus we had no buissness in there. 

We are still running at large because the deck hand had forgotten 
all about what he had said 

3.14 

[E. S. C] An enteresting Experience. 

One day last summer my mother and I decided to go to Washington 
to see my cousins. So we went. As soon as we came there, I heard one 
of my cousins to speak some sort of an language. I asked what it was, 
she told that it was Latin. I took inderest in Latin and I asked her if 
I may take some of her Latin books and try to look up some of the 
Latin words. When I held the book started to have some experiences 
in latin. 

3.29 

[M. West] An Interesting Experience 

One day last summer as I was riding along a country road I saw a 
large mud-turtle. A little farther on I saw two smaller ones. A little 
farther on I saw three smaller ones still then I saw four small one. I 
rode on about a mile and I saw four small snakes. A little farther on I 
saw three larger ones. A little farther on two larger ones and last of 
all one large one. 

3.29 

[L, B. M.] One of The Most Interesting Experiences 

I Ever Had. 

The Most interesting experiences I ever had the first day I learn 
how to drive an auto. It was a nice summer day so I took the machine 
I though if no one will show me how to run it I'll learn myself. So 
steady how to shift the gears then I thought the engine will as long 
as it gets gas so started out everything went well untill I got a puncher 
in the back tire I had little experience in fixing tire so that did not 
bother me much. Mter I got that fixed every thing went well. 

I thought I get some of my friends and go for a joy ride we went to 
White Bear we got there all right butt coming back the engine stoped 
I looked the engine all over and every thing seem to be all right tell I 
look in the gas tank an it was empty, we where only two miles from 
town so two of us went and got some gasoline and the other two watch 
the machine. After we got and put tank ever thing went well we got 
home just in time for dinner. That was my first experience with an auto. 

[1261 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

3.40 

[W. B. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I ever Had 

This was in Canada, on a farm of my uncle, which I enjoyed very 
much. In one of my vacations I went to Canada to have my same 
experience about how it was, and I found it a very good place to go 
for a vacation, but to live there was not as pleasant as in the United 
States. What I appreciated most was the farming, to go in the fields 
and play or work to help the men in pushmg the hay down with our 
feet. 

One day I and my brother went to work of that sort and in goin 
there we were stopped by water and we had to take off our shoes to 
cross the water it was not very deep. 

When we arrived to work we got on the teams and and began to 
push down the hay and when it was almost full we had to cross that 
same stream of water we remained in the team to cross and when 
crossing my brother who was younger than I was fell over board in 
the water because he was holding himself. This little story is not 
want I found the most interesting of my experience, but the experience 
I had in looking over the different tools they worked with and different 
machines. 



3.43 

[R. C. W.l 

One day while going out on a hunt, having walked for about an 
hour, where we arrived to our place of hunt, we began to gather wood 
hay, and build a large fire, to make the rabbits come out of their hole, 
after a few acres of land having been hurt, not even seeing a hole nor 
rabbit tracks we decided to put the fire out, and to go out a little 
farther away in the praries, after leaving this place it was about half 
past four and took a little meal at a small restaurant which was in a 
little vUlage near by it was than about five o'clock when we took out 
for our next walk. Then again walking for about four hours, we 
arrived to a large prarie sky and dry grass about four feet in height 
was the only thing that could be seen, the first idea was to set it on 
fire, and the wind was blowing qiet hard. Walking along a ditch for 
about a mile decided to set it on fire, why hardly striking the match 
the wold take almost at once the only thing left to do was stay there, 
fortunately the wind was blowing in an easterly direction a large spot 
being burnt we stood in the middle, and the fire burning all around us, 
it was something very frightful, no one would believe the rate that 
this fire was traveling, the wind blowing the flames in an angle would 
cause a distant of about three hund feet to catch, leaping in that 
manner until everything is burnt in the surrounding. 

My experience in this, if any one is caught in a prarie seeing a fire 
approaching in that manner, the only thing to do is to light a fire 
where you are and to stay there. 

f 1271 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

3.52 

[E. A. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had. 

The most interesting experience I ever had was when I was away 
in the summer, and had the experiences to learn farming, 

I used to get up with head farmer, and wear a sun bonnet on the 
farm, and start the farming of pulling up weeds and raking away the 
dead or decayed leaves, also of picking strawberry by the two or three 
basket full at a time, also of filling the farming boxes with nice sweet 
summer corn and tomatoes, carrots, turnips, beets, peas, and string 
beans. Farming is tiresome job but it is great fun when you have 
nothing else to do. 

To stand away from the farm you have been working hard all day 
and see a nice neat farm it is worth the time and labor. 

3.68 

[L. L. M. M.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had. 

One summer my Father said that I could go West for my summer 
vacation. I thought this would be grand to go West and see the great 
ruggy mountains, and Pacific, I could not hardly wait untill school 
was out at the end of the term. 

I was up good and early the morning that I was supposed to leave, 
I was going on the fast mail train so it would not take me so long to get 
there. 

I was anguish to get to the mountain an to the great oceon. 

One morning about sun down we could see the mountain. The 
next morning we were about five miles from these mountains. 

3.83 

[L. C. F.] My Most Interesting Experience 

On the morning of the tenth of June We left for a trip to the summit 
of the Mountainn. Our guide was a old man being a guide for all his 
life. 

After securing our burrows we left for the top. At thwelve o'clock 
we arrives at the top being very hungrey we ate a hearty meal. At 
two we left, a fair storm had been gathering and the clouds were so 
low that we could hardly see. 

Reaching home at five we were very wet after drying we ate a 
hearty supper and decided not to go on burrows any more. 

4.03 

[W. C. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I 
Ever Had. 

When I first tried to swim I could not stay up so as to take strokes 
in the water. Every time that I went swimming I did this an I could 
do better every time. I would go out in the water and then swim in 
to shore. When I went under the water I thought that I had come 

[128] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

up and I would open my mouth and I would get a lot of water in it. 
Sometimes when I thought I was swimming I would not be going 
at all. 

4.15 

[M. L. R.] The Most enteresting Experience I ever had. 

One afternoon I was to go skating, and my mother said no, and 
through disobedience I fell in. 

One cold day in December I wanted to go skating in a little pond not 
far from our house. I asked my mother but she said no, and I said that 
some of the others girl were going and I wanted to go to. I said the 
pond was frozen and many of the girls were going, and there were 
many more there, but she wouldn't give her consent. I went any how 
and not long after I had been skating I fell through and was nearly 
drown when they took me out, I never went again. 

When I got home my mother said it was good for me and that taught 
me a good lesson, never to disobey my mother again. 

4.71 

[F. K. S.] Riding Down HUl 

I rode down hill with my brother about five years ago when the 
crust was so hard that a horse could stand and not break through. 
We started at the top of the hill and would go about a mile. We had 
gone down once and had started down again when on coming too the 
four corners, there being a slight bend there, stood some children who 
had come watch us. In turning out for them we went on one runner 
about fifteen feet then righting again in which we were very fortunate 
because if woudd have turned over we would have gone in a gully and 
probably have broken something as it was we were pretty scared. 

4.83 

[J. F. D. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I ever had. 

The most interesting experience I ever had was when I first fired 
a gun off. 

It was on a summer's day when I was playing with a boy. 

He asked me if I wanted to fire his gun off and I said yes, he went 
up into his house and got it. When he shot it off I got frightened and 
didn't want to shoot it. After he shot it off a few times I tried it, when 
I pulled the trigger I dropped the gun and ran a few steps. Then he 
laughed at me and said come here. He then put another bullet into it 
and let me shoot it without moving a step. 

4.87 

[I. F. R.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had. 

On November the twenty second, nineteen fifteen, I had the experi- 
ence of seeing the Liberty Bell, in Youngstown. 

When I saw this huge ornament, I thought of the day when that 
same bell rang the "Independence of the U. S." 

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SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

The large crack on the side, made me feel like as if that man that 
rang that bell, must had rang it hard. 

The part that particularly interested me, was the large crowd that 
assembled to witness the bell. And after a long wait it had finally 
came in. The large crowd that had assembled, began to cheer, and the 
band played, "My Country tis' of The." And after a wait of forty 
minutes it continued on its journey. 

4.93 

[P. H. B. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experience I 
Ever Had. 

One morning where I was staying in N. H. three of the people there 
ask me if I would go with to the lake. We walked the tracks to the 
lake and there we got a boat. 

We went quite a ways out and started to dive off the boat when the 
large lake steamer came along and the waves washed our boat away 
some of the big waves took our boat broad side and tipped it over. 

The foiu- of us were out riding the waves and trying to catch our 
boat. When the boat and had gone by our boat was farther away than 
the land. 

We decided to swin ashore. When we got there we were quite tired. 

5.10 

[O. C. S.] My First Experience with a Dentist 

The first time I went to a dentist it was to have my teeth filled with 
silver, and when he told me to open my mouth, I shivered so, I thought 
Id faint. He then told me to spit out some of the rotten part of the 
tooth which I did. 

He then started to make the hole deeper so that the silver would hold 
and he touched my nerve. I jiunped so high, I thought Id faint. But 
I didn't. He then put some hot water on the nerve, and told me to 
spit it out, and I did. 

He then killed my nerve, and asked me if it hurt I told him no 
because I didn't want him to think I was a baby. 

He then took some silver and other medicine, and started to chop it 
together to make it in one piece. He then put it in my tooth, and it 
did hurt and this was the end of my experience with the dentist. 

5.29 

[A. C. C] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had 

One of the most interesting experience I ever had was in my Biology 
class disecting the frog. 

The first important thing about the frog was he was jointed like as 
person and the next was the insides of the frog are similar to that of a 
person. The frog has one pair of lungs, one heart, intestesting like 
ours and an abdomen like we have. 

The day set for bisecting the frog was an interesting day. When we 
entered the class room there was a knife, pair of scissors and a pair 
pinchers on the table. First I cut the skin off the front or underneath 

[130] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

part of the frog soas to see the interior of the frog. Next I moved a 
part of the intestines to find the lungs:— and an interesting thing about 
the lungs of my frog was; one lung was filled with air and the other 
wasn't. The lung that was filled with air was hard to find and the lung 
that had no air in it was easy to find. The most interest thing of the 
frog was the nervous system that ran all over his body and limbs. 

5.35 

[H. G. R. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences! 
Ever Had. 

I was at an entertainment one time and a girl spoke a piece. I 
thought it was cute. The name of it was Entertaing Her Big Sister s 
Beau. I wondered where I could get it. I remembered most of the 
first verse. 

Not long ago I was looking through some old scratch books when 1 
came across it. As I am fond of poetry or stories in any form, I learned 
this piece by heart. I met the girl that I heard speak it, and it seems 
she staid at my house over Sunday one time when she was about twelve 
years old, and she had seen the piece in the book and had copied it, 
and learned it. , • . .j t j 

She is about seventeen years old now so that this incident happened 
about five years ago. 

5.56 

[Ft. L. R.] An Interesting Experience 

Once when I was a little boy, there came to Ft. Scott a man with an 
areoplane who was going to put on few flights. The people flocked to 
the park, and when it came time to fly the man announced that the 
engine was not pulling strong enough, but the people put up a cry of 
faker, and the man had to make the flight anyway. ^ ^ 

The man took the wheel and made the flight with his engine in not 
the best running order. He sailed south and chcled out over the shops 
and back by the water tower then back to the park. 

The man afterward said he should have let the people howl. Because 
with the engine not pulling right might have caused a great disaster. 

5.96 

[D. M. O.] One of the Most Interesting 

Experiences I Ever Had 

It was on a warm August day about five in the afternoon. Five boys 
and five girls decided that they would take there lunch and go up to 
Bear Hole, and back in the evening moon light. 

Upon arriving at Bear Hole and the air being so nice there, we 
decided to take a walk over to the pond behind the hill before having 
supper. „ 

One of the boys hid all of the lunches for safe keeping. The rest ot 
us going on to the pond. 

On returning to the place that we were to have supper we could not 
find our lunches. There was a lively hunt but we could not find them. 
Ben, the fellow who had charge of the lunches could not be found. We 

[1311 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

called and called to him but of no avail. Going around a clump of 
bushes we found Ben and the table all set for supper on the green grass. 

There was a great deal of joking of the lost lunches. 

We started home about eight o'clock, crossing the fields instead of 
going around the road, we arrived home about nine-thirty after having 
a dandy evening sport. 

6.10 

[M. C. H. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had 

One of the most interesting experiences I ever had was my trip to 
and stay at Chicago. On the train I sat near two old ladies who had 
come from Boston and Canada. Both were bound for Los Angelos, 
California. The Bostonian it seems, had been a cook in some rich home 
for a number of years. She had left her work so as to be able to go 
west to finish up some matrimonial contract. She said, that she would 
never have made the trip but he had sent the expenses and an urgent 
request that she should come and she concluded, "If I don't fancy him, 
he'll have to pay my way back." The other old lady was bragging 
about her brilliant children, her "lovely" home in Canada and her 
prospective "lovely" trip out west. Their talk had come to a point 
where each was trying to outdo the other at boasting. They exchanged 
cards and each said that if the other would write each would be sure 
to answer. 

I reached Chicago late in the afternoon and as I had never traveled 
alone I was confused and frightened as I could not find the car. After 
having walked about eight blocks I met two little boys whom I asked 
about getting a west side car. One eagerly grabbed my suit case and 
started back in the direction of the way I had come. I had been about 
six blocks out of my way. I took a car and reach my destination safely. 

During my week's stay in the city I saw some of their most beautiful 
buildings, largest stores and beautiful parks. 

As this was in the summer we played tennis and rowed incessively. 

I heard beautiful pieces played by large bands and orchestras. 

All in all I had one long-remembered trip. 

6.16 

[L. H. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had. 

About three years ago this summer, I went with Father, to Plum 
Island, to spend a few weeks of my vacation. It is an island about two 
miles from Newburyport facing on the Atlantic Oceon. 

We reached there about two in the after-noon and found to our 
sorrow that the business part of the island comprising of a grocery 
store, souvenir store, dance hall and theater burned to the ground. 
The men were throwing sand on the smoldering timbers there fore the 
ground was fairly roasting. 

The cottage we were to stay at was quit a distance a way so it was 
not damaged. 

That evening there were fire works at Salisbury Beach so we sat 
out on the steps and watched them until late. 

[1321 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

About midnight, I heard cousin Jack up and walking around and 
out of curiosity, I asked what was the matter. 

"Come and see, the bridge, is all on fire." 

The bridge the only way we had of getting into town. 

The next morning the inhabitants of the island found thernselves a 
country by them selves with one store and not a single electric car to 
ride in. The few people that had boats put them into real good use. 

I had a vacation that was very interesting for it was so different 
than the past vacations. 

6.24 

[Bl. K. W.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I 
Ever Had. 

It happened only last Friday night. I was hear in the school gym 
playing a very interesting game of basket ball, when as soon as we were 
through playing I was told, that I was wanted at home. It seemed 
that my mother was very sick, and I must hurry. 

The girls on their part did all they could to hurry me, and excited 
as I was I did not take time to half lace my shoes and putting my 
dress over my gym suit, I made a hasty exit. 

All the way home you can imagine how I felt, when the thought came 
to me that mother was sick. This thought made me run all the way 
home; As I was approaching the house I noticed that it was quiet dark 
but never for a minute suspected anything. 

I burst into the kitchen all out of breath, and before I could say a 
word I was caught by a half dozen black figures, and given a good 
licking. I could not help screammg but they kept right on for dont 
you see; it was to remind me of my birthday. As to a surprise I cer- 
tainly was surprised. 

I call this an experience because, I certainly experienced a funny 
feeling out of it all. The best part of it was also, that all my girl 
friends who played basket-ball with me were in the secret, and I never 
suspected. 

6.35 

[A. T. W.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I Ever Had. 

I think one of the most interesting experiences I ever had was last 
summer. I was staying at Mangus Head for a few weeks for a little 
vacation. One morning as I walked down to the beach for my daily 
swim I remarked how rough the water was to my friend. We had tune 
to take a little swim, for a storm was coming up. We kept a motor- 
boat in a mooring about two or three hundred yards from the shore. 
After I returned to the house I thought of the motor boat, the engine 
was uncovered; so I ran down to the shore. The water was beginning 
to get very rough. I pushed the tender, that is a small rowboat which 
is tied to the back of a motor boat in case of necessity, This was too 
small a boat to go out in such a day. But the engine must be covered. 
I reached the motor boat without much difficulty, although it was 
very strenuous. Now the hard part came, that was to get to shore. I 
knew it was impossible to row to my own landing in such water. After 

[133] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

an hour of rowing and resting I reached another motor boat with a 
small cabin in it, and I knew the man that owned this boat would want 
his engine covered. WTien I got in his boat I tyed my tender to his 
mooring. But after I had covered his engine, I went to get the tender 
and it was adrift, away out past my reach. This happened in the 
morning about ten o'clock. So I had to go in his boat for shelter until 
late that night, when some one came after me in a row-boat. 

6.58 

[9. B. O.] One of the Most Interesting 

Experiences 1 Ever Had. 

The most interesting experience that ever happened to me was about 
ten years ago. 

My mother and father had gone down town and had left my older 
sister and I home alone. 

"VSTiile thinking of what to do we saw passing our house a crowd of 
bums. They all looked as if they had never had their faces washed or 
their hair combed. Just as they were about 60 yds. from our door, I 
stuck my head out of the door and cried, "Would you like something 
to eat?" Of course, at this, they turned around and ran to our front 
door. I invited them in and told them to be seated until I got them 
something to eat. 

WTiile I was preparing them a lunch, they were busily working in 
the front part of our house, helping themselves to my mother's silver 
ware, cut glass and jewerly, which were in our china-closet. 

When I went in to give them their lunch, to my amazement they 
were gone. 

After supper I told my mother of my experience and she said, 
"Think of all my silver ware. What would you have done if those 
bums would have taken that." "Well, mother," replied I, "maybe 
they did. Lets go in an see." "Yes, of course I might have known 
better than to have left you two imps at home here together but you 
have taught me a lesson, so I wont punish you this time," replied my 
mother. 

6.61 

[H. C. M. E.] One of the Most Interesting 

Experiences I Ever Had. 

It was on a warm July morning that I had an experience which I 
will never forget. It was such a beautiful day that we all decided to 
take a row on the river. When we went out in the small dory, the 
tide was high. Having a good time, the hours passed away very 
quickly When we decided to go back to the cottage, we found that 
we could not get near the shore as the tide was very low. The only 
thing that we could do, which, we did, was to go back into the channel 
to remain until the tide got higher. It was very unpleasant to sit 
there with the sun pouring down on us, scorching us badly. After a 
few hours had passed we decided to try again to get in. Going towards 
the shore, we found that the water was still a short distance from the 

[134] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

bank. Still we were determined to go in; so we took off our shoes and 
stockings to work our way through the mud. At every step we would 
sink in up to our knees; but finally we all got on the bank in safety. 
When we entered the cottage the ones that stayed at home laughed 
and plagued us greatly. I think that this is an experience which will 
always be kept in our minds. 

6.70 

[S. L. S.] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I have 
Ever Had. 

One March morning as I was on my way to school, I noticed smoke 
issuing forth from a partly open window of an old fashioned dwelling. 
I immediately ran to the fire-box at the corner and sent in al alarm. 
Another passer-by noticed the smoke and ran to the same corner and 
sent in an alarm about two minutes after me. The two alarms sent 
nearly all the apparatus in town to the scene of the "fire." 

The great fire that caused so much excitement proved to be nothing 
more than a sulphure fumigating candle. 

6.71 

[R. H. P.] 

Canoeing is exciting. I found it to be so on an exceptionally windy 
day last summer. The waves were three or four feet high. A friend of 
my father had invited me to paddle out into the lake with him. We 
had kneeled on the flooring of the canoe and succeeded very well in 
maintaining our balance. 

At one moment the bow of the craft would be lifted by huge roller 
and at the next the stern would be elevated so that I, who was in the 
stern seemed to be suspended over my companion. At times a wave 
would bear us at a great speed, when it caught us amidships. 

I received an idea and communicated the thought to my fellow 
paddler. In accordance he came down to the stern and attempted to 
sit in front of me. If this scheme had been successful the bow would 
have been raised and the wind would blow it and carry us along at 
a great speed. Unhappily however he took a misstep. The canoe 
capsized and we were precipitated into the water. 

We were about a half a mile from shore which we reached after a 
hard swim. We found a boat and rowed home much the wiser for our 
experience. 

7.23 

[Y. C. A.] Most Interesting Experience 

One of the most interest experiences I ever had was that at the 
maneuver camp at Ft. Leavenworth, We were out drilling in com- 
panies, and the movement was "advance in thin lines." In this move- 
ment, a man on each end of the line jumps to his feet, and starts at a 
rapid walk to a point of advantage just ahead. It was in this deploy- 
ment that I had my experience. 

One of my comrades was a tall man who looked very much like 

1 135 J 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

Irish. He was the man whom all jests and jokes were centured upon. 
His general appearance was very peculiar. 

When it came his time to advance, he jumped up and started 
forward at a lively rate evidently as though some one was shooting 
at him. The commander shouted "Quick time," which meant a rapid 
walk. My friend must have tho't he was not going fast enough and 
he increased his speed. The commander again yelled "Quick time" 
and our hero again quickened his pace. The commander becoming 
disgusted shouted, "Quick time there," which in this case meant slow 
down, but the victim misinterpreting the meaning now settled down 
and fairly skimmed over the ground arriving at his destination in a 
very short time. 

The whole company by this time were emitting shouts of derision, 
and it being my next time up, I could hardly run for the want of 
breath, as a result of my merriment. 

For the rest of the entire encampment, he never heard an end to 
"quick time". 

7.25 

[T. 4. C] One of the Most Interesting Experiences 
I Ever Had. 

The experience that I am about to relate occurred when I was very 
young, still the remembrance remaines as vivid in my mind as if it 
happened yesterday. 

When I was nine years old papa used to travel for a company and 
consequently was away from home a good deal. Mama and I did not 
mind it very much, except for the loniliness, until night, then we got 
really nerveous because our house was situated about a half mile back 
from the road on the border of a wood. 

One night we had been exceptionally excited by a tramp calling at 
the door as we had three hundred dollars loose in the safe. When it 
became really dark we heard more noises than there actually were. 
At last summoning up oin* courage to pass thru' the dark halls, we 
went up stairs and retired. 

We had no sooner closed our eyes than we heard a loud crash as if 
someone had broken in the window. We sat up in bed and held our 
breath. Our dog growled a little and then all was still. Mama got up, 
took a candle, and started downstairs. I refused to be left alone so 
followed her. We both went in fear and trembling. 

Mama boldly walked up to the safe and examined it — it was intact. 
She gained courage from this and went thru' every room and found 
everything safe. We sat down and patted the dog's head. He looked 
up and wagged his tail and (I fully believe it now) laughed in his dog 
fashion at us. 

We got up and started another torn- when mama exclaimed, "Why, 
daughter, there isn't any curtain at this window. Surely — " here 
she paused and look at me and began to laugh hysterically. The 
noise we had heard was not a burglar after our paltry sum of "green- 
backs," but only a curtain whose spring had broken and snapped up 
to the top of the window. 

[136] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

7.30 

[0101] One of the Most Interesting 

Experiences I Ever Had. 

As I was shipping a boojk at the library desk, one day, I heard the 
door open and, upon looking up, beheld a middle-aged man coming 
up the steps. He appeared to be brown from tip to toe. His hat, 
overcoat and suit were brown though varying in shade. Even his face, 
which bore the marks of an out of door life, was brown. 

Glancing around rather inquiringly he advanced to the desk. In 
contrast to the other men who had come in, he did not remove his hat 
before reaching the desk. 

"Have you, ah—, is "Laddie" or "The Harvester" in now?" he 
inquired in an unusual voice. 

"Yes, "Laddie" is here. It just came m," I replied, while reaching to 
the truck for it. "Did you wish to read it here.^" 

"Yes, 111 read it here. I'm just in town for a short time, while 
serving on a jury. How much is it, bringing a handful of coins from 
his pocket. "Oh, we do not charge for the privilege of reading a book 
here," I replied. 

He glanced into the reading rooms and then, turning back, asked, 
"Is it necessary to take of my hat if I haven't combed my hair.'" 

I did not know what to reply. So, perhaps noticing this fact, he 
removed his hat and I discovered that his hair grew in a narrow fringe 
on the back of his head, only. I laughed, but he remained sober. 

"Is that the loafing room over there," he asked. 

I laughingly replied in the affirmative and pointed out a rocking 
chair, which in truth seemed the only one available. 

As he was about to leave, later in the evening, he brought the book 
back to the desk. 

7.69 

[7 P X] A NOCTURNAL ADVENTURE 

Mother and father had gone to the Opera and my sister and I were 
alone in the house. Mary's new dress had arrived from the dressmaker's 
only a few minutes before mother's departure, and she told me to hang 
it on the screen at the foot of sister's bed. 

About nine o'clock, we began to get sleepy, so although it was 
rather early for us, we decided to go to bed. While undressing we 
talked of the dance which was to be held the next evening at our best 
friend's house. I do not remember when I went to sleep, but it must 
have been soon after, for when I woke up, I heard the clock strike ten. 

I turned over and began to go to sleep again, when a curious noise 
attracted my attention. I sat up in bed and listened. "It was nothing 
at all," I said, "I must have imagined it." But I had hardly gotten 
the words out of my mouth, as it came again. "Clank! Clank!" 

"Goodness," I thought, "some one has seen mother and father go 
out and they have come to rob our silver!" Putting on my slippers I 
got quietly out of bed and crept down the hall. I stopped at sister's 
door to see if she was awake, and discovered something all in white 

[1371 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

walking up and down the room. With a great effort, I checked a 
scream of terror and approached, when, behold I saw the white some- 
thing was my sister with her silver manicure set in her hand! 
"Mary!" I said, "What in the world are you doing!" 
"Oh! Is that you, sister? why I am just putting my new dress 
where the burglars can't get it." 

With a sigh of relief, I turned on the light and gently awakened my 
sister, who had been walking in her sleep. 

7.78 

[B 12 X] One of the Most Interesting Experiences I Ever Had. 

A golden flood of smilight streamed through my window. Another 
day of wonder and delight in Yellowstone Park. I dressed quickly and 
ran down to the lobby of the Yellowstone Lake Hotel. A servant 
unlocked the door for me and I found myself on the broad veranda 
drinking in the beauty of a new day. It was still early and I had the 
Park to myself. A long stretch of road lay invitingly to my left and 
conquering my fear of "Park terrors," I took it. I walked slowly, 
thinking deeply on the wonders of the Park. "Old Faithful Inn" in 
all its quaint beauty was occupying my mind when I heard a sound 
in some bushes about ten feet in front of me. I glanced up. A calm 
black bear halted in the middle of the road and looked at me. I stood 
perfectly still, frightened to much to move. The bear still stood there. 
I recovered my senses turn and fled in the opposite direction. 

8.78 

[8. T. Y.J My First "Discovery." 

One siumner night two years ago I had one of the most interesting 
experiences of my life. It took place on the roof of our house and I 
was the sole character concerned. 

I had climbed up on the roof shortly after midnight, in order to 
observe some of the morning stars, then brightly shining. I carried 
up my precious telescope, a small glass of two inches aperature, a 
dilapidated blanket, a pair of opera-glasses, several star-maps and a 
home-made telescope stand. 

Wrapping myself in the blanket, I strapped the telescope to the 
stand, placed the star-maps close at hand and, taking the opera-glasses, 
I commenced closely scanning the stary heavens. 

Here shone the beautiful star Vega, of the constellation Lyra. Far- 
ther to the west twinkled the brilliant Capella Aurigae. Ursa Major 
was rising in the north-east, I secured a clear cut, telescopic view of the 
great Spiral Nebula of Anckomeda. 

Suddenly, upon turning my opera-glasses to the constellation 
Ursa Major, which was now high in the heavens, I received the thrill 
of my life. There blazed a brilliant filmy-tailed comet! Feverishly I 
siezed the telescope to confirm my view. Surely there could be no 
mistake! In a flash I saw myself mentioned as a promising astronomer 
— a comet given my name! 

[138] 



MEASUREMENT OF SIMPLE NARRATION 

I observed the beautiful visitor until sunrise put an end to my work. 
After breakfast my brothe rushed n w th the morning paper and — 
asked if I had seen the new comet there mentioned I 

9.45 

[He. S.] 

The courage of the panting fugitive was not gone; she was game to 
the tip of her high-bred ears; but the fearful pace at which she had 
just been going told on her. Her legs trembled, and her heart beat like 
a trip-hammer. She slowed her speed perforce, but still fled indus- 
triously up the right bank of the stream. When she had gone a couple 
of miles and the dogs were evidently gaining again, she crossed the 
broad, deep brook, climbed the steep left bank, and fled on in the 
du-ection of the Mt. Marcy trail. The fording of the river threw the 
hounds off for a time; she knew by their uncertain yelping, up and 
down the opposite bank, that she had a little respite; she used it, 
however, to push on until the baying was faint in her ears, and then 
she dropped exhausted upon the ground. 



139 



PUBLISHERS' NOTE 

Scales for measuring quality of Order Letters, 
quality of Letters of Application, and qualities of 
Social Letters will be prepared and issued sepa- 
rately by the publishers of the present work if suf- 
ficient demand is shown for them in separate form. 
Teachers who could use the scales and would buy 
them if issued separately are asked to address 
World Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New 
York. 



140 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

References for Chapter One 

1. HiLLEGAS, MiLO B, Scale for the Measurement of Quality in English 

Composition by Young People. Teachers College Record, Vol. 
XIII, No. 4; September, 1912. 

2. Thorndike, E. L. Extension of the Hillegas Scale for the Measure- 
■ ment of Quality in English Composition by Young People. Bureau 

of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, New 
York City. 

3. Hillegas, Milo B. Ibid., page 54. 

4. Hillegas, Milo B. Ibid., page 22. 

5. Ballou, F. W. Scales for the Measurement of English Composition. 

The Harvard-Newton Bulletins, No. 11, page 5; September, 1914. 

6. Trabue, M. R. Supplementing the Hillegas Scale. Teachers College 

Record, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, page 52; January, 1917. 

7. Trabue, M. R. Ibid., pages 52-53. 

8. Ballou, F. W. Ibid., pages 5, 7, 8. 

9. Ballou, F. W. Ibid., page 9. 

10. Trabue, M. R. Ibid., page 57. 

11. Johnson, F. W. The Hillegas-Thorndike Scale for Measurement of 

Quality in English Composition by Young People. School Review, 
Vol. XXI, No. 1, page 39; January, 1913. 

12. Kayfetz, Isidore. A Critical Study of the Hillegas Composition 

Scale. Pedagogical Seminary, Vol. XXI, No. 4, pages 559-557 

13. Hillegas, Milo B. Ibid., page 72. 

14. Hillegas, Milo B. Ibid., page 54. 

15. Trabue, M. R. Supplementing the Hillegas Scale. Teachers College 

Record, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, page 67; January, 1917. 

16. Hillegas, Milo B. Ibid., page 54. 

17. Brownell, Baker. A Test of the Ballou Scale of English Composi' 

tion. School and Society, Vol. IV, No. 103, pages 938-940. 

18. Kayfetz, Isidore. A Critical Study of the Harvard-Newton Com- 

position Scales. Pedagogical Seminary, Vol. XXIII, No. 3, 
pages 325-347. 

19. Hudelson, E. Standards and Measurements in English Composi- 

tion. Indiana University Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 11, pages 
115-122; October, 1915. 

[141] 



SCALES FOR MEASURING ENGLISH COMPOSITION 

20. Watson, P. M. The Harvard-Newton Composition Scale. Educa- 

tional Administration and Supervision, Vol. I, No. 1, pages 57-58; 
January, 1915. 

21. Breed, F. S., and Frostic, F. W. A Scale for Measuring the General 

Merit of English Composition in the Sixth Grade. Elementary 
School Journal, Vol. 17, No. 5, pages 307-.S25; 1916-17. 

22. Willing, M. H. Measurement of Written English Composition in 

the Public Elementary Schools of Denver, Colorado. (Master's 
Thesis, Chicago University.) Also in Educational Tests and 
Measurements, Monroe and others, pages 204-209. 

23. Driggs, H. R. Our Living Language, page 150. 

References for Chapter Two 

24. Thorndike, E. L. English Composition — 150 Specimens Arranged 

for Use in Psychological and Educational Experiments. Bureau of 
Publications, Teachers College, New York. 

25. Bro-wtst, William. Essentials of Mental Measurement, page 102. 

26. For a full discussion of the theory of probabilities and the normal 

surface of frequency see Thorndike, Mental and Social Measure- 
ments, page 59. 

27. FuLLERTON and Cattell. On the Perception of Small Differences, 

pages 12 ff. 

28. HiLLEGAS, Milo B, Scale for the Measurement of Quality in English 

Composition by Young People, pages 20-21. 

References for Chapter Four 

29. Webster, Edward H. English for Business. 

30. Briggs, Thomas H. A Laboratory Manual of Letters. 



142 



INDEX 



Application, letters of. See Let- 
ters. 
Argumentation, 6, 65. 
Artificial samples, 1, 5. 

Ballon, F. W., Composition Scale, 

1, 6. 
Breed, F. S., and Frostic, F. W., 

scales, 1, 5, 7-8. 
Briggs, T. H., 66. 
Brown, William, formula, 15, 43, 

67, 92. 
Business. See Letters. 

Cattell. See Fullerton. 

CoeflScient of reliability, 15, 43, 
46, 67, 92. 

Composition, quality, 1, 4; merits 
of, defects of, 3; samples of, 
1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 29-40, 
55-64, 65-66, 77-90, 101-113, 
115, 124-139. 

Content value. See Value. 

Defects. See Merit. 

Denver, Colorado, 8. 

Description, 1, 4, 6, 65. 

Deviation. See Median deviation 
and Standard deviation. 

Directions, to judges, see Judges; 
for collecting samples, see Meth- 
od; use of scales, see Method. 

Driggs, H. R., 4. 

Essays, 1. 
Exposition, 1, 6, 65. 



Form value. See Value. 

Forms of written English. See 
Narration, Description, Expo- 
sition, Argumentation, and Let- 
ters. 

Frostic, F. W. See Breed. 

Fullerton and Cattell, 19. 

General merit. See Merit. 
Grade, scales for, eighth, Newton, 

Mass., 6; sixth, Michigan, 7; 

four A to eight A, Denver, 8; 

ninth, Virginia, 9; five to 

twelve, 12, 42; three to twelve, 

65, 91. 

Harvard-Newton Scales. See Bal- 
lon. 

Hillegas, M. B., scale, 1; content 
of, 1; limitations of, 2; method, 
9; equivalent P.E. values, 23, 
26, 46, 52, 76, 93, 100, 125. 
See Thorndike and Trabue. 

Hudelson, E., Composition Scale, 
1, 9. 

Instructions. See Judges. 
Interpolating P.E. values, 27, 53, 

67, 92. 
Interval. See Steps. 

Judges, Directions to, 6, 13, 43, 

66, 92, 116; selecting and train- 
ing, 6, 9, 13, 43, 66, 92, 115; 
number of, 15, 43, 67, 92, 114. 

[143] 



INDEX 



Letters, business -letter scales, 10; 
order letters, 10, 11-40; letters 
of application, 10, content of, 
41; scale for measuring, 41-64; 
social letters — narrative, 10, 65- 
90; social letters — problematic, 
10, 91-113. 

Limitations. See Merit. 

Median, 18. 

Median deviation (M.D.), 18. 

Merit, degrees or qualities of, 3; 

general, 4, 10; special, 5, 10; 

intrinsic, 7. See Scales. 
Method, of selecting samples, 1, 

3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 41, 65, 91, 115; 

of right and wrong cases, 19. 



Ranking. See Scoring. 

Samples. See Composition. 

Scales, Composition, general merit, 
1-4; special merit, 4-10; particu- 
lar school grade, 7-9. See Let- 
ters. 

Scoring of samples, 13, 43, 92, 115. 
See Method. 

Social. See Letters. 

Special merit. See Merit and 
Scales. 

Standard deviation (S.D.), 27, 53, 

76, 100. 

Steps, number of, 2; samples at, 
4 variation in, 6, 7, 8, 28, 54, 

77, 93. 



Narration, 1, 4, 5, 6, 65, 91; scale 
for measurements of quality of 
simple narration, 114-139. 

Nassau County Supplement. See 
Trabue. 

Newton, Mass. See Ballou. 

Normal curve of frequency, 18. 

Probable error (P.E.). See Median 

deviation. 
Problematic. See Letters, social — 

problematic. 
Project. See Letters, social — 

problematic. 

Quality. See Value. 



Thorndike, E. L., extension of 

Hillegas Scale, 1, 3, 4, 5, 93. 

116, 117. 
Trabue, M. R., Nassau County 

Supplement to Hillegas Scale, 

1, 5, 9, 14, 53, 67, 115. 



Value, form and content v., 3, 


7,8, 


9, 41; 


of order letters, i: 


I; of 


social letters. 


65, 91. 




Virginia 


State 


Educational 


Sur- 


vey, 9. 








Webster, 


E. H. 


,65. 




Willing, 


M. 


H., Composition 


Scale, 


1,8. 







[144] 



VITA 

Ervin Eugene Lewis was born at Orwell, New York, July 20, 
1882. After graduating from the elementary and high schools at 
Brownville, New York, he attended the high school at Water- 
town, New York, where he was graduated in 1902. He attended 
Oberlin College for one year and subsequently attended Leland 
Stanford Junior University, majoring in Education and gradua- 
ting in 1907 with the degree of B.A. in Education, and in 1909 
with the M.A. degree in Education. He was graduated from the 
State Normal School at San Jose in 1907 and taught in that 
institution from 1907 to 1910 inclusive. During 1910-1912 he 
was a research scholar and later a research fellow at Teachers 
College, Columbia University. In 1912-1913 he was Director of 
the Training School of the Eastern Illinois State Normal School 
at Charleston, Illinois. In 1913 he accepted an associate profes- 
sorship in Education at the College of Education, the State Uni- 
versity of Iowa, where he remained for seven years. In 1920 he 
was appointed superintendent of the public schools of Rockford, 
Illinois, which position he now holds. 

His publications to date are as follows: 

1. Vocational Guidance in High Schools. University Exten- 

sion Bulletin, No. 6, University of Iowa. 

2. Work, Wages, and Schooling of 800 Iowa Boys. University 

Extension Bulletin, No. 9, University of Iowa. 

3. Survey of the High Schools of Des Moines. University Exten- 

sion Bulletin, No. 37, University of Iowa. 

4. The Common-Word Spellers, Books One and Two. Ginn 

&Co. 



Laboratory Manual of 
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By STANLEY R. OLDHAM 

Principal of the High School, Norwood, Massachusetts 

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investigation, comparison, and practice, and the greatest of these 
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Prepared under the auspices of the National Research Council 

NATIONAL 
INTELLIGENCE TESTS 

By M. E. Haggerty, L. M. Terman, E. L. Thorndike 
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I HAGGERTY READING 

I EXAMINATION 

s 

I 'T^HESE tests were arranged and standardized by Dr. M. E. 

i Haggerty, Dean of the College of Education of the Uni- 

I versity of Minnesota, who has had a long and special preparation 

I in making and standardizing tests. He was assisted in the prep- 

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I Teachers College, St. Louis, and by Laura C. Haggerty in the 

I preparationof the Sigma2 and 3. The tests are definite measures 

I of the performance of children in reading. They represent stand- 

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I the tests correlate closely with other measures of school progress. 

I Sigma i (for grades 1-3). 

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I the material was selected from textbooks generally in use. The examination 

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HAGGERTY INTELLIGENCE I 
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By M. E. Haggerty 

Dean of the College of Education, University of Minnesota 5274 



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I tests possess many exclusive features and several special advan- 

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I ceptionally successful in use in nearly all parts of the world. 

I Delta i (for grades 1-3). 

I Can be given in thirty minutes. A group examination, and contains five non- 

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5 examination booklets with i Class Record. Price $1.50 net. 

I Key for Delta i. A four-page card the size of the examination booklet. 

I Illustrated in colors. Price 15 cents net. 

I Delta 2 (for grades 3-9). | 

5 Combines parts of the several army examinations in a single battery which can § 

I be given to classes or even in groups as large as 500 in the short space of thirty § 

s minutes. The results will be most satisfactory. The booklet is illustrated and a 

I comprises six tests which are modifications of the army intelligence tests Alpha 1 

S and Beta. The examination is printed in a booklet of eight pages, measuring a 

5 8JX11 inches. Put up in packages of 25 examination booklets with i Class | 

I Record. Price $1.50 net. 3 

I Key for Delta 2. A two-page card the size of the examination booklet. | 

I Illustrated in colors. Price 10 cents net. g 

I Manual of Directions. 



